الپوتو الكبير

الپوتو الكبير
Great Potoo
Nyctibius cf grandis Whaldener Endo cropped.jpg
الپوتو الكبير
Birdsong (المساعدة·معلومات)
التصنيف العلمي
مملكة:
الحيوانية
Phylum:
الحبليات
Class:
الطيور
(unranked):
Cypselomorphae
Order:
Caprimulgiformes
Family:
Nyctibiidae
Genus:
Nyctibius
Species:
N. grandis
Binomial name
Nyctibius grandis
(Gmelin, 1789)
Nyctibius grandis map.svg

الپوتو الكبير (Nyctibius grandis)، هو طائر أكبر أنواع الپوتو وأكبر أعضاء رتبة Caprimulgiformes (nightjar وأشباهه). ويعيش في أمريكا الإستوائية.

Great Potoo - Nyctibius grandis

Much like owls, this species is nocturnal. It preys on large insects and small vertebrates, which it captures in sallies from high perches.

Possibly its most well known characteristic is its unique moaning growl that the great potoo vocalizes throughout the night, creating an unsettling atmosphere in the Neotropics with its nocturnal sounds.[1]

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التبويب

The great potoo was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the nightjar like species in the genus Caprimulgus and coined the binomial name Caprimulgus grandis.[2] The great potoo is now one of the seven potoos placed in the genus Nyctibius that was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot.[3][4] The genus name is from Ancient Greek nuktibios meaning "night-living", from nux "night" and bios "life".[5] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[4]


الوصف

Great potoo, Nyctibius grandis

The great potoo has a large head in relation to its body. The eyes are also very large with dark brown iris rather than the yellow that many other potoo have[6] and has a short but broad beak. Their wings are elliptical in shape and the tail is elongated. The feather colors vary with white, gray, black, and burgundy. The tail colors match with that of the rest of the body with the exception of white bars that can be seen going across the tail laterally. (see references below)

  • Range in Mass: 360 to 650 g (13 to 23 oz)
  • Range in Length: 480 to 600 mm (19 to 24 in)
  • Range in wingspan: 700 to 804 mm (27.6 to 31.7 in)
  • Average Wingspan: 734.8 mm (28.93 in)

Distribution and habitat

They range from southern Mexico through northeastern Guatemala and through most of Central America down through South America as far as southeastern Brazil and Bolivia.[7]

In general the great potoo are distributed from humid to semi-humid forested habitats. While this species is widely spreadout geographically there is little to no variation in their appearance such as size or plumage.[1] The great potoo is found mostly in dense lowland forest, forest edges and clearings. It may also range into foothills (up to about 1,500 m elevation), second-growth, open woodlands (including plantations) and is sometimes seen around meadows, but they always require trees-etc., for their camouflaged imitative perch.

In the day they are normally found perching or nesting usually higher than 12 meters above ground level within big trees. The branches they choose to perch usually are nearly 20 to 30 centimeters in diameter. At night time, they may go to lower perches 1.5 meters above the ground, from which they hunt.[8]

Behavior

This nocturnal predator is usually seen perched high above the ground while foraging, hawking when prey is spotted. After the pounce, the potoo almost always returns to its previous perch. Normally, during the day it perches upright on a tree stump, and is overlooked because it resembles part of the stump; this is a camouflage, not just by coloration, but a camouflage by the setting. The Great Potoo can be located at night by the reflection of light from its eyes as it sits vertical on a post, roost, or angled-tree trunk.[9] Great potoos are shy and solitary creatures.

Breeding

Breeding has been recorded as typically February to August, but depending on the portion of this bird's range breeding birds can be met with almost year-round.[10] The nest is a slight depression on a thick tree branch,[11] at least 10 m (33 ft) above ground, with a single white (slightly spotted) egg measuring about 5.2 cm × 3.8 cm (2.0 in × 1.5 in). Few details are known of the brooding behavior, but about a month elapses before the offspring is seen alone at the nest. A chick of a few days old weighed 220 g (7.8 oz).[8] After about 5 weeks the nestling is a two-thirds version of the adult, but with a lighter build, paler plumage, shorter tail, and smaller bill with less rictal bristles. The fledging period must be at least 2 months. After this time span, the offspring do not return to the nest site.[8]

Although the adult potoo likely has few natural predators, predation of eggs, nestlings and fledging is apparently not uncommon. Adults stay near the nest throughout the day and rely upon camouflage to protect their offspring. Predators, while not confirmed, of great potoo nests in Costa Rica have included monkeys such as mantled howlers, Geoffroy's spider monkeys and white-headed capuchins as well as tayras and collared forest falcons.[12]

Feeding

Their prey consists mostly of large flying insects, especially large beetles, katydids and Orthoptera (including crickets and grasshoppers). Bats and birds are taken occasionally as well. The great potoo takes advantage of the night and its natural camouflage by sitting on an exposed perch to wait until some prey flies by, at which point it darts out towards the prey and returns to the branch with it. Very often birds of this species will use the same hunting perch nightly.[13]

Conservation status

Due to its large range, the great potoo is seen as a species of least concern, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The great potoo is normally described as "uncommon", but occurs frequently in areas of less disturbed forests and is often found to be rare along the edges of its range. The clearing of forest is the only conservation threat known to this bird.

Effects of humans

The local people in the rural area of Brazil sometimes use potoo as a minor food source, as they do not offer much meat and are hard to locate. In these areas, their feathers are believed to have powers to provide chastity, so they are hunted down for their body parts, which are used to perform ceremonies. It is also believed that parts of their body ward off seduction. Potoos fear most locals due to being hunted.[1]

References

  1. ^ أ ب ت "Overview - Great Potoo (Nyctibius grandis) - Neotropical Birds". neotropical.birds.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  2. ^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 1029.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  3. ^ Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1816). Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire (in French). Paris: Deterville/self. p. 38.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  4. ^ أ ب Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Frogmouths, Oilbird, potoos, nightjars". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  5. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 277. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  6. ^ Fr. Haverschmidt. “Observations on Nyctibius Grandis in Surinam.” The Auk, vol. 65, no. 1, 1948, pp. 30–32. JSTOR, DOI:10.2307/4080222. Accessed 30 Nov. 2023.
  7. ^ Rangel-Salazar, J.L.; Vega-Rivera, J.H. (1989). "Two new records of birds for southern Mexico". Condor. 91 (1): 214–215. doi:10.2307/1368168. JSTOR 1368168.
  8. ^ أ ب ت Haverschmidt, F. (1948). "Observations on Nyctibius grandis in Surinam". Auk. 65: 30–33. JSTOR 4080222.
  9. ^ Vanderwerf, E. (1988). "Observations on the nesting of the great potoo (Nyctibius grandis) in central Venezuela". The Condor. 91: 214–215. JSTOR 1368858.
  10. ^ E.g. an attended nest at Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Ecuador, in late December 1999 (Cisneros-Heredia 2006).
  11. ^ E.g. Ceiba sp. (Cisneros-Heredia 2006)
  12. ^ Young, B.; Zook, J. (1999). "Nesting of four poorly-known bird species on the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 111: 124–128. JSTOR 4164041.
  13. ^ Cohn-Haft, M. (1999). "Family Nyctibiidae (Potoos)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 288–301. ISBN 978-84-87334-25-2.
  • Borerro, J. 1974. Notes on the structure of upper eyelid of potoos.. The Condor, 76: 210–211.
  • Land, H., W. Schultz. 1963. A proposed subspecies of the Great Potoo, Nyctibius grandis. Auk, 80: 195–196.
  • Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F (2006). "Notes on breeding, behaviour and distribution of some birds in Ecuador". Bull. B.O.C. 126 (2): 153–164.
  • Holyoak, D.T. (2001): Nightjars and their Allies: the Caprimulgiformes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York. ISBN 0-19-854987-3
  • Adams, Kimberly. 2011. Great Potoo (Nyctibius grandis), Neotropical Birds Online (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; retrieved from Neotropical Birds Online: http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=222936

External links

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