المقتلة الإندونيسية 1965–1966

المذابح الإندونيسية 1965–1966
جزء من الانتقال إلى النظام الجديد
المكانإندونيسيا
التاريخ1965–1966
الهدفPKI members, sympathizers, atheists, "unbelievers", and ethnic Chinese[1]
نوع الهجوم
Politicide, mass murder, genocide[1]
الوفيات500,000[2]:3 to 3,000,000[3][4]
المنفذونIndonesian Army and various death squads, facilitated and encouraged by the United States and other Western governments[5][6][2]:22–23, 177
هذا المقال هو جزء من
سلسلة تاريخ إندونيسيا
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إعلان الإستقلال (1945)
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إندونيسيا المستقلة
الديمقراطية الليبرالية (1950–1957)
الديمقراطية المهدية (1957–1965)
بداية النظام الجديد (1965–1966)
النظام الجديد (1966–1998)
عصر الإصلاح (1998–الحاضر)
عدّل هذا القالب

The Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 (also variously known as the Indonesian massacres, Indonesian genocide,[7][1][2]:4 Indonesian Communist Purge, Indonesian politicide,[8][9] or the 1965 Tragedy) were large-scale killings and civil unrest that occurred in Indonesia over several months, targeting communist sympathizers, ethnic Chinese and alleged leftists, often at the instigation of the armed forces and government. It began as an anti-communist purge following a controversial attempted coup d'état by the 30 September Movement in Indonesia. The most widely published estimates were that 500,000 to more than one million people were killed,[2]:3[10][11][12] with some more recent estimates going as high as two to three million.[3][13] The purge was a pivotal event in the transition to the "New Order" and the elimination of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) as a political force, with impacts on the global Cold War.[14] The upheavals led to the fall of President Sukarno and the commencement of Suharto's three-decade authoritarian presidency.

Dalam pembantaian 1965-66, yang menjadi korban adalah orang-orang yang menjadi bagian dari PKI serta orang-orang yang dituduh sebagai komunis.
سوهارتو diduga kuat sebagai dalang di balik pembantaian 1965-1966.

The claims of a coup attempt by Communists released pent-up communal hatreds; these were fanned by the Indonesian Army, which quickly blamed the PKI. Communists were purged from political, social, and military life, and the PKI itself was disbanded and banned. The massacres began in October 1965, in the weeks following the coup attempt, and reached their peak over the remainder of the year before subsiding in the early months of 1966. They started in the capital, Jakarta, and spread to Central and East Java, and later Bali. Thousands of local vigilantes and army units killed actual and alleged PKI members. Killings occurred across the country, with the worst in the PKI strongholds of Central Java, East Java, Bali, and northern Sumatra. It is possible that over one million people were imprisoned at one time or another.

Sukarno's balancing act of "Nasakom" (nationalism, religion and communism) had unravelled. His most significant pillar of support, the PKI, was effectively eliminated by the other two pillars—the army and political Islam; and the army was on the way to unchallenged power. In March 1967, Sukarno was stripped of his remaining power by Indonesia's provisional Parliament, and Suharto was named Acting President. In March 1968, Suharto was formally elected president.

The killings are skipped over in most Indonesian history textbooks, and have received little introspection by Indonesians, due to their suppression under the Suharto regime. The search for satisfactory explanations for the scale and frenzy of the violence has challenged scholars from all ideological perspectives. The possibility of a return to similar upheavals is cited as a factor in the "New Order" administration's political conservatism and tight control of the political system. Vigilance and stigma against a perceived communist threat remained a hallmark of Suharto's doctrine, and it is still in force even today.[15]

Despite a consensus at the highest levels of the US and British governments that it would be necessary "to liquidate Sukarno", as related in a CIA memorandum from 1962,[16] and the existence of extensive contacts between anti-communist army officers and the US military establishment – training of over 1,200 officers, "including senior military figures", and providing weapons and economic assistance[17][18] – the CIA denied active involvement in the killings. Declassified US documents in 2017 revealed that the US government had detailed knowledge of the mass killings from the beginning, and was supportive of the actions of the Indonesian Army.[5][19][20] US complicity in the killings, which included providing extensive lists of communist party officials to Indonesian death squads,[26] has previously been established by historians and journalists.[19][14] A top-secret CIA report from 1968 stated that the massacres "rank as one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century, along with the Soviet purges of the 1930s, the Nazi mass murders during the Second World War, and the Maoist bloodbath of the early 1950s."[27][28]

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خلفية

Major General Suharto (at right, foreground) attends a funeral for generals assassinated on 5 October 1965


التطهير السياسي

المذابح

Communists, red sympathizers and their families are being massacred by the thousands. Backlands army units are reported to have executed thousands of communists after interrogation in remote jails. Armed with wide-bladed knives called parangs, Moslem bands crept at night into the homes of communists, killing entire families and burying their bodies in shallow graves . . . The murder campaign became so brazen in parts of rural East Java, that Moslem bands placed the heads of victims on poles and paraded them through villages. The killings have been on such a scale that the disposal of the corpses has created a serious sanitation problem in East Java and Northern Sumatra where the humid air bears the reek of decaying flesh. Travelers from those areas tell of small rivers and streams that have been literally clogged with bodies.[29]

—Time, 17 December 1965.


جاوة

A certificate of gratitude from the Regent of Sleman for financial donations to the elimination of the PKI


التورط الأجنبي

انظر أيضاً: CIA activities in Indonesia § Anti-communist purge
It really was a big help to the army. They probably killed a lot of people, and I probably have a lot of blood on my hands, but that's not all bad. There's a time when you have to strike hard at a decisive moment.[21]

—Robert J. Martens, political officer at the US Embassy in Jakarta, who provided lists of communists to the Indonesian military.


الذكرى

التاريخانية

قالب:Denial of mass killings


انظر أيضاً

Notes

  1. ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Melvin
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-8886-3.
  3. ^ أ ب Indonesia's killing fields. Al Jazeera, 21 December 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  4. ^ "Looking into the massacres of Indonesia's past". BBC News. 2 June 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  5. ^ أ ب Melvin, Jess (20 October 2017). "Telegrams confirm scale of US complicity in 1965 genocide". Indonesia at Melbourne. University of Melbourne. Retrieved 21 October 2017. The new telegrams confirm the US actively encouraged and facilitated genocide in Indonesia to pursue its own political interests in the region, while propagating an explanation of the killings it knew to be untrue.
  6. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Simpson2010
  7. ^ Robert Cribb (2004). "The Indonesian Genocide of 1965–1966." In Samuel Totten (ed). Teaching about Genocide: Approaches, and Resources. Information Age Publishing, pp. 133-143. ISBN 159311074X
  8. ^ Roosa, John. "The 1965–66 Politicide in Indonesia: Toward Knowing Who Did What to Whom and Why". Stanford.
  9. ^ "The Indonesian Politicide of 1965–66: How Could it Have Happened?". Maastricht University.
  10. ^ Melvin, Jess (2018). The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-138-57469-4.
  11. ^ Mark Aarons (2007). "Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9004156917 p. 80.
  12. ^ The Memory of Savage Anticommunist Killings Still Haunts Indonesia, 50 Years On, Time
  13. ^ Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben (July 2003). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 290–291. ISBN 0-521-52750-3. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  14. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Atlantic2017
  15. ^ Varagur, Krithika (23 October 2017). "Indonesia Revives Its Communist Ghosts". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  16. ^ Allan & Zeilzer 2004, p. ??.
    Westad (2005, pp. 113, 129) notes that, prior to the mid-1950s—by which time the relationship was in definite trouble—the US actually had, via the CIA, developed excellent contacts with Sukarno.
  17. ^ http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3605665?urlappend=%3Bseq=440
  18. ^ Macaulay, Scott (17 February 2014). The Act of Killing Wins Documentary BAFTA; Director Oppenheimer’s Speech Edited Online. Filmmaker. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  19. ^ أ ب "Files reveal US had detailed knowledge of Indonesia's anti-communist purge". The Associated Press via The Guardian. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  20. ^ Dwyer, Colin (18 October 2017). "Declassified Files Lay Bare U.S. Knowledge Of Mass Murders In Indonesia". NPR. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  21. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Kadane
  22. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة LA Times
  23. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة CIA lists
  24. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة AlexBellamy
  25. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Editorial Note
  26. ^ [21][22][23][24][25]
  27. ^ Mark Aarons (2007). "Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9004156917 p. 81.
  28. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة David F. Schmitz 2006 48-49
  29. ^ Bodenheimer, Thomas; Gould, Robert (1999). Rollback!: Right-wing Power in U.S. Foreign Policy. South End Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 0-89608-345-4.

References


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External links

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