المرور العابر
المرور العابر Transit passage هو مفهوم في قانون البحار يتيح لسفينة أو طائرة حرية الملاحة أو التحليق فقط بغرض المرور المتواصل المضطرد (غير المتباطئ) لمضيق بين جزء من أعالي البحار أو المنطقة الاقتصادية الخالصة وجزء آخر. شرط المرور المتواصل غير المتباطئ لا يستبعد المرور عبر مضيق بغرض دخول دخول أو مغادرة أو العودة إلى دولة محاذية للمضيق، حسب شروط دخول تلك الدولة. The transit passage may be exercised regardless of the nationality (flag) of the ship, its form of ownership, the merchant or government status of a ship or warship, the private or government status of an aircraft (under the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944).[1]
Within such straits (article 37 of UNCLOS), including Arctic straits, all ships and aircraft enjoy the right of transit passage (article 38 of UNCLOS), in accordance with Part III of UNCLOS, which means the right of navigation and overflight solely for the purpose of continuous and expeditious transit of the strait between one part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone and another part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone.
هذه القاعدة الملاحية مدوّنة في الجزء الثالث من معاهدة الأمم المتحدة لقانون البحار.[2] Although not all countries have ratified the convention,[3] most countries, including the U.S.,[4] accept these customary navigation rules as codified in the Convention. This navigation rule took on more importance with UNCLOS III as that convention confirmed the widening of territorial waters from three to twelve nautical miles, causing more straits not to have a navigation passage between the territorial waters of the coastal nations.
Transit passage exists throughout the entire strait and not just the area overlapped by the البحر الإقليمي of the coastal nations. The ships and aircraft of all nations, including warships, auxiliaries, and military aircraft, enjoy the right of unimpeded transit passage in such straits and their approaches. Submarines are free to transit international straits submerged since that is their normal mode of operation.[5] Transit passage rights do not extend to any state's internal waters within a strait.[2]
The legal regime of transit passage exists for all straits used for international navigation where there is not a simple alternative route, and excluding those instances where there is a long-standing international convention governing the straits, namely the Danish straits, the Turkish straits, the straits of Tiran, the Strait of Magellan and the Beagle Channel. The major international trade routes of the Strait of Gibraltar, Dover Strait, Strait of Hormuz, Bab-el-Mandeb and Strait of Malacca are covered by the transit passage provisions.[5][6]
In contrast, the artificial maritime canals such as the Corinth Canal are generally not covered by the UNCLOS and fall instead under the respective national laws, with the three notable exceptions of the globally important canals due to their prior treaties: the Kiel Canal, the Panama Canal and the Suez Canal.[5]
حق المرور العابر لا يمتد إلى المياه الداخلية لدولة داخل مضيق.[2]
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انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ Bugajski, Dariusz R. (2021). Navigational rights and freedoms in the international law and practice. p. 146. ISBN 978-83-961549-1-0. OCLC 1267382284.
- ^ أ ب ت United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Part III, Article 38
- ^ "Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements as at 3 June 2011". Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. UN. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
- ^ الرئيس الأمريكي رونالد ريگان (10 March 1983) (PDF). Presidential Proclamation 5030. وزارة الخارجية الأمريكية. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the
|archivedate=parameter. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/58381.pdf. Retrieved on 2 January 2011. - ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةdyke-20081002 - ^ Bugajski, Dariusz R. (2021). Navigational rights and freedoms in the international law and practice. pp. 305–308. ISBN 978-83-961549-1-0. OCLC 1267382284.