اللغة العمونية

Ammonite
A bronze bottle on its side with text in the Phoenician alphabet "𐤅𐤀𐤔𐤇𐤕 / 𐤉𐤂𐤋 / 𐤅𐤉𐤔𐤌𐤇 /𐤁𐤉𐤅𐤌𐤕 𐤓𐤁𐤌 𐤅𐤁𐤔𐤍𐤕"
The Tel Siran bottle.
المنطقةFormerly spoken in northwestern Jordan
منقرضة5th century BC
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-3None (mis)
qgg
Glottologammo1234

Ammonite is the extinct Canaanite language of the Ammonite people mentioned in the Bible, who used to live in modern-day Jordan, and after whom its capital Amman is named. Only fragments of their language survive—chiefly the 9th century BC Amman Citadel Inscription,[1] the 7th–6th century BC Tel Siran bronze bottle, and a few ostraca. As far as can be determined from the small corpus, it was extremely similar to Biblical Hebrew, with some possible Aramaic influence including the use of the verb <span lang="sem-x-ammonite-Latn" xml:lang="sem-x-ammonite-Latn" title="الترجمة اللفظية Semitic languages error: sem-x-ammonite is an IETF tag (help) " class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">‘bd (עבד) instead of the more common Biblical Hebrew ‘śh (עשה) for 'make'. The only other notable difference with Biblical Hebrew is the sporadic retention of feminine singular -t (<span lang="sem-x-ammonite-Latn" xml:lang="sem-x-ammonite-Latn" title="الترجمة اللفظية Semitic languages error: sem-x-ammonite is an IETF tag (help) " class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">’šħt 'cistern', but <span lang="sem-x-ammonite-Latn" xml:lang="sem-x-ammonite-Latn" title="الترجمة اللفظية Semitic languages error: sem-x-ammonite is an IETF tag (help) " class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">‘lyh 'high [fem.]'.) Ammonite also appears to have possessed largely typical correspondences of diphthongs, with words such as <span lang="sem-x-ammonite-Latn" xml:lang="sem-x-ammonite-Latn" title="الترجمة اللفظية Semitic languages error: sem-x-ammonite is an IETF tag (help) " class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ywmt (יומת *yawmōt, 'days') both preserving /aw/ and showing a shift to /o/, and other words such as <span lang="sem-x-ammonite-Latn" xml:lang="sem-x-ammonite-Latn" title="الترجمة اللفظية Semitic languages error: sem-x-ammonite is an IETF tag (help) " class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">yn (ין 'wine') exhibiting a shift of /ay/ to ē (yēn < *yayn) much like Hebrew.[2]

It was first described as a separate language in 1970 by Italian Orientalist Giovanni Garbini.[3] Subsequently, a number of inscriptions previously identified as Hebrew, Phoenician, or Aramaic were reclassified, as a result of consensus around the similarity of the Amman Theatre Inscription, Amman Citadel Inscription, Tell Siren Bottle, Heshbon Ostraca, and Tell el-Mazer Ostraca.[4][5]

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References

  1. ^ Amman Citadel Inscription
  2. ^ W. Randall Garr (2004). Dialect Geography of Syria-Palestine, 1000-586 B.C.E. Eisenbrauns. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-57506-091-0. OCLC 1025228731.
  3. ^ Ahituv 1995.
  4. ^ Aufrecht 2019.
  5. ^ Richelle, Matthieu (2018-01-01). "Revisiting the Ammonite Ostraca". Maarav. University of Chicago Press. 22 (1–2): 45–77. doi:10.1086/mar201822106. ISSN 0149-5712.


Bibliography

  • Cohen, D, ed. (1988). "Les Langues Chamito-semitiques". Les langues dans le monde ancien et moderne, part 3. Paris: CNRS.
  • Aufrecht, Walter E. (2019). A Corpus of Ammonite Inscriptions (2nd ed.). University Park, PA: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-344-7.
  • Ahituv, Shmuel (1995). "Reviewed Works: A Corpus of Ammonite Inscriptions by Walter E. Aufrecht; Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions, Corpus and Concordance by G.I. Davies". Israel Exploration Journal. Israel Exploration Society. 45 (1): 73–75. JSTOR 27926371.

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