طب وقائي

الوقاية من المرضPreventive medicine هي الإجراءات التي تتخذ لحماية الإنسان من المرض. وتسمى أيضا العلاج الوقائي. وهو على عكس العلاج التقويميأو الشفائي الذي يعطى عندما يكون الشخص مصاباً بمرض أو في حالة غير صحية. والإجراءات الوقائية أمر ضروري لتحسين الصحة ووقف انتشار الأمراض. وقد برهنت الوسائل التي اكتشفهاإدوارد جنر، وروبرت كوش، ولويس باستير، وآخرون أنه من الممكن زيادة مناعة الجسم ضد أمراض معينة باستعمال لقاحات. والوقاية الجماعية هي الطب الوقائي في مجال الصحة العامة. فاتباع القوانين الصحية، والتحصين الشامل ضد الأمراض، على سبيل المثال، يساعدان على حماية المجتمعات من أمراض كثيرة.

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 مستويات

Level	Definition
Primary prevention	avoids the development of a disease. Most population-based health promotion activities are primary preventive measures.
Secondary prevention	activities are aimed at early disease detection, thereby increasing opportunities for interventions to prevent progression of the disease and emergence of symptoms.
Tertiary prevention	reduces the negative impact of an already established disease by restoring function and reducing disease-related complications.
Quaternary prevention	is the set of health activities that mitigate or avoid the consequences of unnecessary or excessive interventions in the health system.

 Universal, selective, and indicated

Tier	Definition
Universal prevention	addresses the entire population (national, local community, school, district) and aim to prevent or delay the abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. All individuals, without screening, are provided with information and skills necessary to prevent the problem.
Selective prevention	focuses on groups whose risk of developing problems of alcohol abuse or dependence is above average. The subgroups may be distinguished by characteristics such as age, gender, family history, or economic status. For example, drug campaigns in recreational settings.
Indicated prevention	involves a screening process, and aims to identify individuals who exhibit early signs of substance abuse and other problem behaviours. Identifiers may include falling grades among students, known problem consumption or conduct disorders, alienation from parents, school, and positive peer groups etc.

 السبب الرئيسي للوفاة يمكن الوقاية منها

Cause	Number of deaths resulting (millions per year)
Hypertension	7.8
Smoking	5.0
High cholesterol	3.9
Malnutrition	3.8
Sexually transmitted infections	3.0
Poor diet	2.8
Overweight and obesity	2.5
Physical inactivity	2.0
Alcohol	1.9
Indoor air pollution from solid fuels	1.8
Unsafe water and poor sanitation	1.6

Cause	Number of deaths resulting
Tobacco Smoking	435,000 deaths or 18.1% of the total deaths
Overweight and Obesity	365,000 deaths or 15.2% of the total deaths.
Alcohol consumption	85,000 deaths or 3.5% of the total deaths.
Infectious diseases	75,000 deaths or 3.1% of the total deaths.
Toxicants	55,000 deaths or 2.3% of the total deaths.
Traffic collisions	43,000 deaths or 1.8% of the total deaths.
Incidents involving firearms	29,000 deaths or 1.2% of the total deaths.
Sexually transmitted diseases	20,000 deaths or 0.8% of the total deaths.
Drug abuse	17,000 deaths or 0.7% of the total deaths.

 انظر أيضاً

• Pre-exposure prophylaxis
• Post-exposure prophylaxis
• Prophylactic rule

 المصادر

• المعرفية الشاملة
• [1]

 الترميزات

• Sackett DL. The arrogance of preventive medicine. CMAJ. 2004;167:363-4.
• Gérvas J, Pérez Fernández M. Los límites de la prevención clínica. AMF. 2007; 3(6):352-60.
• Gérvas J, Pérez Fernández M, González de Dios J. Problemas prácticos y éticos de la prevención secundaria. A propósito de dos ejemplos de pediatría. Rev Esp Salud Pública. 2007;81:345-52.
• Starfield B, Hyde J, Gérvas J, Heath I. The concept of prevention: a good idea gone astray? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62(7):580-3.
• Gérvas J, Starfield B, Heath I. Is clinical prevention better than cure? Lancet. 2008;372:1997-9.
• Gérvas J, Pérez Fernández M. Los daños provocados por la prevención y por las actividades preventivas. RISAI. 2009; 1(4).
• Gérvas J. Abuso de la prevención clínica. El cribaje del cáncer de mama como ejemplo. Rev Espaço Saùde. 2009; 11(1):49-53.
• Gérvas J, Heath I, Durán A, Gené J; Members of the Seminar of Primary Health Innovation 2008. Clinical prevention: patients' fear and the doctor's guilt. Eur J Gen Pract. 2009; 15(3):122-4.

 وصلات خارجية

• US Preventive Medicine Task Force
• Association of Preventive Medicine Residents
• US Preventive Medicine
• The Prevention Plan
• American College of Preventive Medicine
• American Board of Medical Specialties
• American Board of Preventive Medicine
• American College of Veterinary Preventive Medicine
• Association for Prevention Teaching and Research
• Health-EU Portal Prevention and Promotion