التيار الجنوبي (خط أنابيب غاز)

(تم التحويل من السيل الجنوبي)
التيار الجنوبي
South Stream
مسار خط أنابيب التيار الجنوبي.
مسار خط أنابيب التيار الجنوبي.
الموقع
البلدروسيا، بلغاريا، اليونان، إيطاليا، صربيا، المجر، كرواتيا، سلوڤنيا، النمسا
الاتجاه العامالشرق–الغرب
منRusskaya compressor station near Anapa
يمر عبرBlack Sea
Varna
Pleven
Zaječar
Paraćin
Gospođinci
Bački Breg
Hercegszántó
Tornyiszentmiklós
إلىTarvisio, Italy
Baumgarten an der March, Austria
معلومات عامة
النوعغاز طبيعي
الشركاءگازپروم، إني
EDF
Wintershall
Naftna Industrija Srbije
Srbijagas
المشغلSouth Stream AG
المعلومات التقنية
الطول2,380 km (1,480 mi)
أقصى سعة63 بليون متر مكعب سنويا
عدد محطات الضغط10

التيار الجنوبي (بالروسية: Южный Поток ، بالبلغارية: Южен поток, بالصربية: Jужни ток/Južni tok، بالمجرية: Déli Áramlat وبالإنگليزية: South Stream) هو خط أنابيب غاز مقترح لنقل الغاز الطبيعي الروسي إلى إيطاليا. المشروع سوف يحل جزئياً محل التمديد المزمع لمشروع التيار الأزرق من تركيا عبر بلغاريا ورومانيا وصربيا إلى المجر. التيار الجنوبي كان بديلاً لانضمام گازپروم إلى مشروع خط أنابيب نابوكو.[1]

The project was found in non-compliance with the European Union's Third Energy Package legislation, which stipulates the separation of companies' generation and sale operations from their transmission networks.[2][3] The Russian Government cancelled the project in 2014, seven years after the project was started.[4]

It was seen as rival to the Nabucco pipeline project,[5] which was abandoned in favor of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline. Unlike South Stream, TAP is fully compliant with EU legislation by way of having obtained EU Third Party Access Exemption.

Construction of the Russian onshore facilities for the South Stream pipeline started in December 2012.[6] The project was cancelled by Russia in December 2014 following obstacles from the European Union, the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea, and the resulting imposition of European sanctions on Russia.[7][8] The project has been replaced by other proposed ones Tesla pipeline and Turkish Stream.[9] The latter, renamed as TurkStream, was approved and later completed, sending gas supplies to Bulgaria on 1 January 2020.[10]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

التاريخ

المناطق الاقتصادية الخالصة في البحر الأسود قبل وبعد ضم روسيا للقرم.

The South Stream pipeline project was announced on 23 June 2007, when the CEO Paolo Scaroni of the Italian energy company Eni and the Vice-Chairman Alexander Medvedev of the Russian Gazprom signed a memorandum of understanding in Rome for the construction of the pipeline.[11] On 22 November 2007, Gazprom and Eni signed in Moscow an agreement on establishing a joint project company for the commissioning of the marketing and technical feasibility studies of the project.[12]

The preliminary agreement between Russia and Bulgaria on Bulgaria's participation in the project was signed on 18 January 2008. It was agreed to set up an equally owned company to build and operate the Bulgarian section of the pipeline.[13] The agreement was ratified by Bulgarian Parliament on 25 July 2008.[14] The first agreement between Russia and Serbia was signed even before the announcement of the South Stream project. On 20 December 2006, Gazprom and Serbian state-owned gas company Srbijagas agreed to conduct a study on building a gas pipeline running from Bulgaria to Serbia.[15] On 25 January 2008, Russia and Serbia signed an agreement to route a northern line of South Stream through Serbia and to create a joint company to build the Serbian section of the pipeline and a gas storage facility near Banatski Dvor.[16][17] On the same day, Russia and Hungary agreed to set up an equally owned joint company to build and operate the Hungarian section.[18][19] On 29 April 2008, Russia and Greece signed an intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in construction and operation of the Greek section.[20]

الرئيسان الصربي، بوريس تاديتش، والروسي دميتري مدڤيدڤ، يوقعا صفقة متعلقة بإنشاء خط التيار الجنوبي في ديسمبر 2008

On 15 May 2009, in Sochi, in presence of the Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin and the Prime Minister of Italy Silvio Berlusconi, the gas companies of Russia, Italy, Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece signed an agreement on construction of South Stream.[21][22] On 6 August 2009, the Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin and the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in attendance of the Prime Minister of Italy Silvio Berlusconi signed a protocol routing the pipeline through the Turkish territorial waters.[23] On 14 November 2009, followed the talks between Slovenian Prime Minister Borut Pahor and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, the agreement to run a part of the pipeline through Slovenia to Northern Italy was signed by Russian Energy Minister Sergei Shmatko and Slovenian Economy Minister Matej Lahovnik in Moscow.[24][25] As per earlier 2008 agreement between two countries, on 17 November 2009, Russian Gazprom and Serbian Srbijagas created South Stream Serbia AG in Bern, Switzerland. The joint company was responsible for design, financing, construction and operation of the Serbia section.[26]

On 2 March 2010, Russian Energy Minister Sergei Shmatko and Croatian Economy, Labor and Entrepreneurship Minister Djuro Popijac in the presence of the Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister of Croatia Jadranka Kosor signed an agreement on linking Croatia with South Stream.[27][28] On 19 June 2010, Gazprom, Eni, and Électricité de France published a joint press release confirming that EDF will join the project.[29] On 21 March 2011, Slovenia and Russia signed an agreement regarding the establishment of a joint venture South Stream Slovenia.[30]

The joint venture South Stream AG, equally owned by Gazprom and Eni, was registered on 18 January 2008 in Switzerland.[31] However, on 16 September 2011, a shareholders' agreement was signed between Gazprom, Eni, Électricité de France and Wintershall to establish the new project company South Stream Transport AG for the Black Sea section of the pipeline.[32] The company was incorporated on 3 October 2011 in Zug, Switzerland.

On December 28, 2011 Turkey issued its final agreement for allowing the pipeline to pass through its territorial waters.[33][34] The final investment decision for the Serbian section was signed on 29 October 2012, for the Hungarian section on 2 November 2012, for the Slovenian section on 13 November 2012, and for the Bulgarian section on 15 November 2012.[6][35][36][37] On 15 November 2012, shareholders of South Stream Transport AG signed the final investment decision on the offshore section.[6] The ground-breaking ceremony marking start of construction of the Russian onshore facilities was held on 7 December 2012 at the Russkaya compressor station near Anapa.[6][38][39]

On 25 July 2013, the Vice Premier Republic of Macedonia Zoran Stavreski signed the agreement on linking section through Republic of Macedonia with South Stream.[40]

وفي نهاية 2013، رفضت بلغاريا مرور السيل الجنوبي عبر أراضيها، وأعلن رئيس وزرائها، بويكو بوريسوڤ، تأييده بدلاً من ذلك لأنبوب نابوكو الذي "لم يعد أحد يتكلم عنه".[41]

في 5 ديسمبر 2014، رفضت رومانيا هبوط أنبوب السيل الجنوبي في أراضيها.[42]

In March and April 2014, the contracts for laying the first and second lines of the offshore section were awarded to Saipem and Allseas.[43][44] Contracts for the third and fourth line were to be signed in December 2014 and January 2015.[45]

On 17 April 2014, amid Russia's annexation of Crimea, the European Parliament adopted a non-binding resolution opposing the South Stream gas pipeline and recommending a search for alternative sources of gas supplies for the European Union.[46] On 29 April 2014 a memorandum on the implementation of the Austrian section was signed in Moscow. Commissioning of the Austrian section is scheduled by January 2018.[47] In June 2014, Bulgaria temporarily stopped construction due to the European Commission's infringement procedure against Bulgaria for non-compliance with European rules on energy competition public procurements.[48]

In April 2014, Russia filed a complaint at the World Trade Organization against the European Union's energy market laws that were enacted in 2009, claiming that they violate international rules. These laws ban suppliers from owning transit facilities such as gas pipelines, and would force Gazprom to allow third-party gas producers to use the South Stream pipeline.[49]

On 1 December 2014, during a state visit to Turkey, president Putin announced that Russia was withdrawing from the project, blaming Western sanctions and lack of construction permits in the territory of the European Union.[50] Russia has started to build a pipeline through Turkey known as Turkish Stream.[51] Renamed as TurkStream, the pipeline was later completed, sending gas supplies to Bulgaria on 1 January 2020.[10]

Along with additional supplied to Turkey, Russian gas, according to Putin, “will be retargeted to other regions of the world, which will be achieved, among other things, through the promotion and accelerated implementation of projects involving liquefied natural gas.” In 2015, the supply of Russian gas to Turkey will be raised by 3 billion cubic meters via the already operating Blue Stream pipeline. Later a new undersea pipeline to Turkey, with an annual capacity around 60 billion cubic metres (bcm) will be built. That will allow Turkey to resell Russian gas to Europe.[بحاجة لمصدر]

In 2018, Bulgaria's president Rumen Radev proposed that the construction of the South Stream pipeline be resumed.[52]


الوصف الفني

سعة الجزء البحري من خط الأنابيب هي 31 بليون متر مكعب في السنة من الغاز ويمكن زيادتها إلى 47 ب.م3/س.[1][53][54]

الإنشاءات من المتوقع إتمامها عام 2015.[54] إنشاء الجزء الصربي من المقرر أن يبدأ في عام 2012.[18][55] ومن المتوقع أن تبلغ تكلفة المشروع €19—24 بليون، تكلفة الجزء البحري منها €4 بليون.[56][57] تكلفة الأجزاء البرية ستعتمد على المسار. وقد اُعلن أن الجزء المجري سيتكلف 2 بليون $.[58]


شركات المشروع

المشروع تبنيه وتشغله عدة شركات. الشركة الرئيسية للمشروع يمتكها مناصفة كل من گازپروم الروسية وإني الإيطالية.[31] شركة التيار الجنوبي تم إشهارها في 18 يناير 2008 في تسوگ في سويسرا برأس مال 100,000 فرنك سويسري.[59] وقد أعربت گاز ده فرانس أيضاً عن نيتها الانضمام إلى التيار الجنوبي، الأمر الذي رحبت به گازپروم.[60]

المشغلون

بوتن أثناء توقيع اتفاقية بناء التيار الجنوبي سبتمبر 2011.

في 15 سبتمبر 2011 وقعت روسيا اتفاقا مع ثلاث شركات اوروپية لبناء خط التيار الجنوبي وهي إي دي إف الفرنسية، إني الإيطالية، ڤنترس‌هال الألمانية. وحسب الاتفاق وصلت شركة گازپروم الروسية الحكومية التي تحتكر تصدير الغاز الروسي حصة نسبتها 50% في الجزء البحري من مشروع خط الأنابيب مع حصة لشركة إني نسبتها 20% وحصة لشركتي إي دي إف و ڤنترس‌هال تبلغ 15% لكل منهما.[61]

الجدل حول المشروع

مشروع خط نابوكو

الخلاف مع اوكرانيا

عرض توظيف رومانو پرودي

قبل أن يغادر منصبه كرئيس وزراء إيطاليا، تلقى رومانو پرودي عرضاً من شركة گازپروم الروسية ليرأس شركة التيار الجنوبي. هذا العرض كان مماثلاً لما قامت به گازپروم من تعيين مستشار ألمانيا گرهارد شرودر مباشرة بعد مغادرته وظيفته ليصبح رئيساً لشركة التيار الشمالي، وهو الكونسورتيوم الذي يقوم ببناء خط أنابيب التيار الشمالي من روسيا إلى ألمانيا. إلا أن رومانو برودي اعتذر عن قبول العرض.[62] وحسب المتحدث باسم برودي، فإن "برودي كان في غاية الانبساط، إلا أنه كرر أنه يريد أن يأخذ بعض الوقت للتأمل بعد تركه حلبة الساسة الإيطالية."[63]

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب "Gazprom, Eni plan big gas pipeline bypassing Turkey". Reuters. 2007-06-23. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
  2. ^ "EU calls for South Stream suspension". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. 2014-05-28. (يتطلب اشتراك). Retrieved 2014-06-24.
  3. ^ Overland, Indra. "The Hunter Becomes the Hunted: Gazprom Encounters EU Regulation". In Anderson, Svein; Goldthau, Andreas; Sitter, Nick (eds.). Energy Union: Europe's New Liberal Mercantilism?. Blasingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 115–130.
  4. ^ "Putin drops South Stream gas pipeline to EU, courts Turkey". Reuters (in الإنجليزية). 2014-12-01. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  5. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة downstream150509
  6. ^ أ ب ت ث Rodova, Nadia (2012-11-15). "Russia, Bulgaria sign final investment decision on South Stream gas pipeline". Platts. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
  7. ^ Putin drops South Stream gas pipeline to EU, courts Turkey, Reuters, Darya Korsunskaya
  8. ^ By Jim Yardley and Jo Becker (December 30, 2014). "How Putin Forged a Pipeline Deal That Derailed". The New York Times. Retrieved December 31, 2014. Mr. Putin, on a state visit to Turkey, announced that South Stream was dead
  9. ^ Geropoulos, Kostis (2015-08-20). "Greece, Serbia, Hungary, FYROM to sign memorandum on the construction of the pipeline, which should connect the Turkish Stream pipeline with Austria". New Europe. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  10. ^ أ ب Reuters Staff (2020-01-05). "Russia begins TurkStream gas flows to Greece, North Macedonia". Reuters (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2020-11-28. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  11. ^ "Eni and Gazprom sign gas pipeline accord for EU". Energy Publisher. 23 يونيو 2007. Archived from the original on 28 سبتمبر 2007. Retrieved 26 يونيو 2007.
  12. ^ "Eni and Gazprom sign the agreement for the South Stream Project". Scandinavian Oil-Gas Magazine. 2007-11-23. Retrieved 2008-02-24.
  13. ^ "Eni: Agreement Russia and Bulgaria on South Stream". AGI News. 18 يناير 2008. Archived from the original on 13 يناير 2009. Retrieved 18 يناير 2008.
  14. ^ [Bulgaria Parliament Ratifies South Stream Gas Pipeline Agreement "Bulgarian Parliament Ratifies South Stream Deal"]. Novinite. 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2018-11-04. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
  15. ^ "Serbia signs up for gas pipe study". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. 2006-12-20. (يتطلب اشتراك). Retrieved 2008-02-26.
  16. ^ "Serbia signs strategic energy deal with Russia". Reuters. 2008-01-25. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  17. ^ "Russia, Serbia Sign Gas Pipeline Deal". RIA Novosti. 2008-02-25. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  18. ^ أ ب Shchedrov, Oleg; Solovyov, Dmitry (2008-02-25). "Russia wins Hungary for South Stream gas project". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-02-25. خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "reuters8" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  19. ^ "Hungary officially joins South Stream project". RIA Novosti. 2008-02-18. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
  20. ^ "Russia, Greece Sign South Stream Deal". Downstream Today. Xinhua. 2008-04-29. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  21. ^ Zhdannikov, Dmitry (2009-05-15). "Russia seeks to speed up South Stream with new deals". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
  22. ^ "South Stream Flows out of Sochi with New Pipes Cutting through Bulgaria". Standart. 15 مايو 2009. Archived from the original on 16 يوليو 2011. Retrieved 16 مايو 2009.
  23. ^ Lyubov Pronina, Ali Berat Meric (6 August 2009). "Turkey Offers Route for Gazprom's South Stream Gas Pipeline". Bloomberg. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  24. ^ Marja Novak (2009-11-09). "Slovenia to sign South Stream deal on Saturday". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
  25. ^ Stephen Bierman, Anna Shiryaevskaya (2009-11-14). "Russia, Slovenia Sign South Stream Gas Pipe Accord". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
  26. ^ "Gazprom and Srbijagas Create South Stream Serbia AG Joint Venture" (Press release). Gazprom. 2009-11-17. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
  27. ^ Korsunskaya, Dasha; Soldatkin, Vladimir (2010-03-02). "Slovenia to sign South Stream deal on Saturday". Reuters. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
  28. ^ Anatoly Medetsky (2010-03-02). "Croatia Agrees to Join South Stream". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
  29. ^ Soldatkin, Vladimir (2010-06-19). "France's EDF to get South Stream stake from ENI". Reuters. Retrieved 2010-07-07.
  30. ^ "Sporazum o Južnem toku je podpisan" [The agreement on South Stream has been signed] (in السلوفانية). MMC RTV Slovenia. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-14.
  31. ^ أ ب "Eni, Gazprom set up company for South Stream gas pipeline". Forbes. 2008-01-18. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2008-02-24.
  32. ^ Gronholt-Pedersen, Jacob (2011-09-16). "Companies Sign South Stream Deal". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
  33. ^ Rozova, Anna (2011-12-28). Турция впустила "Южный поток" [Turkey allowed the South Stream in]. Kommersant (in الروسية). Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  34. ^ Akkan, Faruk (2012-01-29). "Turkey and Russia develop strategic alliance". Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on 21 December 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
  35. ^ "Gazprom and Serbia sign final investment decision on South Stream" (Press release). Gazprom. 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
  36. ^ "Final investment decision approved for South Stream in Hungary". Europétrole. 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
  37. ^ "Final investment decision made for South Stream in Slovenia". Russia Behind The Headlines. Interfax. 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
  38. ^ Assenova, Margarita (2012-11-16). "EU and US Policy on South Stream Remains Ambiguous". Eurasia Daily Monitor. The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
  39. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة upstream071212
  40. ^ "Macedonia Shrugs Over Halt to South Stream Pipeline". Balkan Insight. BIRN. 2014-06-10. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
  41. ^ Andra Timu (2015-04-30). "Bulgarian PM: South Stream should have been built without third package; I support Nabucco". actmedia.eu.
  42. ^ Andra Timu (2014-12-05). "Romania Bets on Own Gas, New Pipeline as South Stream Scrapped". بلومبرگ.
  43. ^ "Saipem clinches first-phase South Stream offshore pipelay". Offshore Magazine. Pennwell Corporation. 2014-03-18. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
  44. ^ "South Stream returning to Austria". Pipeline International. 2014-05-08. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
  45. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة upstream300514
  46. ^ "MEPs Oppose South Stream, Seek Sanctions against Russian Energy Firms". Novinite. 2014-04-17. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
  47. ^ "Gazprom lures Austria with South Stream branch". EurActiv. 30 April 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
  48. ^ "Austria pleads for South Stream pipeline". EurActiv. 2014-06-24. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
  49. ^ "Russia challenges EU energy market rules". Yahoo News. Associated Press. 1 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  50. ^ "Russia drops South Stream gas pipeline plan". BBC News. 2014-12-01. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
  51. ^ Reed, Stanley; Arsu, Sebnem (21 January 2015). "Russia Presses Ahead With Plan for Gas Pipeline to Turkey". New York Times. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  52. ^ "Radev pleads in Moscow for 'Bulgarian Stream' pipeline". 22 May 2018.
  53. ^ "Gazprom Mulls Plan To Boost South Stream Capacity". Downstream Today. 2009-01-28. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
  54. ^ أ ب "Russia's Gazprom may expand South Stream gas line to 47 Bcm/year". Platts. 2009-01-28. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
  55. ^ Oleg Shchedrov, Ellie Tzortzi (2008-02-25). "Russia and Serbia firm up gas pipeline deal". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  56. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة edm120209
  57. ^ "South Stream to boost Europe's energy security". RIA Novosti. 2009-02-10. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
  58. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة kommersant2
  59. ^ "South Stream AG, Zug" (in German). itonex ag. Retrieved 2008-02-27.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  60. ^ "Gaz de France Prefers South Stream to Nabucco". Kommersant. 2008-02-08. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
  61. ^ مشروع روسي جديد لنقل الغاز لأوروبا، الجزيرة نت
  62. ^ Judy Dempsey (2008-04-28). "Gazprom courts Prodi as pipeline chief". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  63. ^ Luca Di Leo; Liam Moloney (2008-04-28). "Outgoing Italian Premier Turns Down Top Job for South Stream". Downstream Today. Retrieved 2008-05-10.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

الوصلات الخارجية

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=التيار_الجنوبي_(خط_أنابيب_غاز)&oldid=2866546"