روبيكون

Rubicon River
Rubicon River
	مصب الروبيكون في Bellaria
الموقع
البلد	إيطاليا
السمات الطبيعية
المنبع
⁃ الموقع	سوليانو آل روبيكونى
⁃ المنسوب	250 متر
المصب
- الموقع	البحر الأدرياتي
الطول	80 كم

روبيكون (لاتينية: Rubicō؛ إيطالية: Rubicone؛ النطق بالإيطالية: [rubiˈkone]؛ إنگليزية: Rubicon‏^[1]) هو نهر ضحل في شمال شرق إيطاليا طوله 80 كم. النهر ينبع من جبال الأبينين ويصب في البحر الأدرياتيكي جنوب إقليم إميليا رومانيا بين مدينتي ريميني وتشزنا.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

التاريخ

During the Roman Republic, the river Rubicon marked the boundary between the Roman province of Cisalpine Gaul to the northeast and Italy proper, controlled directly by Rome and its socii (allies), to the south. On the north-western side, the border was marked by the river Arno, a much wider and more important waterway, which flows westward from the Apennine Mountains (it and the Rubicon rise not far from each other) into the Tyrrhenian Sea.

يوليوس قيصر

يوليوس قيصر توقف على ضفاف الروبيكون.

In 49 BC, perhaps on January 10, Julius Caesar led a single legion, Legio XIII Gemina, south over the Rubicon from Cisalpine Gaul to Italy to make his way to Rome. In doing so, he deliberately broke the law on imperium and made armed conflict inevitable. Suetonius depicts Caesar as undecided as he approached the river, and attributes the crossing to a supernatural apparition. It was reported that Caesar dined with Sallust, Hirtius, Oppius, Lucius Balbus and Sulpicus Rufus on the night after his crossing.

According to Suetonius, Caesar uttered the famous phrase ālea iacta est ("the die has been cast").^[2] The phrase "crossing the Rubicon" has survived to refer to any individual or group committing itself irrevocably to a risky or revolutionary course of action, similar to the modern phrase "passing the point of no return". Caesar's decision for swift action forced Pompey, the lawful consuls (C. Claudius Marcellus and L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus), and a large part of the Roman Senate to flee Rome in fear. Caesar's subsequent victory in Caesar's civil war ensured that punishment for the infraction would never be rendered. This took place during the time of the Roman Republic.

الموقع والارتباك والتحديد

The Rubicon to the right of Cesena, at Pisciatello

After Caesar's crossing, the Rubicon was a geographical feature of note until about 42 BC, when Octavian merged the Province of Cisalpine Gaul into Italia and the river ceased to be the extreme northern border of Italy. The decision robbed the Rubicon of its importance, and the name gradually disappeared from the local toponymy.

المراجع

^ "Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia". www.dizionario.rai.it.
^ Lives of the Caesars, "Divus Julius" sect. 32. Suetonius gives the Latin version, iacta alea est, although, according to Plutarch's Parallel Lives, Caesar quoted a line from the playwright Menander: "ἀνερρίφθω κύβος", anerríphthō kȳbos, "let the die be cast". Suetonius's subtly different translation is often also quoted as alea iacta est. Alea was a game played with a die or dice rather than the actual dice themselves, so another translation might be "The game is afoot."

وصلات خارجية

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rubicon" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
Livius.org: Rubico
Rubicon in dictionary
Pearce, M., R. Peretto, P. Tozzi, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies. "Places: 393484 (Rubico fl.)". Pleiades. Retrieved March 8, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

44°05′35″N 12°23′45″E / 44.093029°N 12.395834°E / 44.093029; 12.395834

[1] "Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia". www.dizionario.rai.it.

[2] Lives of the Caesars, "Divus Julius" sect. 32. Suetonius gives the Latin version, iacta alea est, although, according to Plutarch's Parallel Lives, Caesar quoted a line from the playwright Menander: "ἀνερρίφθω κύβος", anerríphthō kȳbos, "let the die be cast". Suetonius's subtly different translation is often also quoted as alea iacta est. Alea was a game played with a die or dice rather than the actual dice themselves, so another translation might be "The game is afoot."

[1]

[2]