الحقبة الجميلة البرازيلية

Brazilian Belle Époque
1870–1922
Exposição Internacional do Centenário da Independência (007A5P3F13-027).jpg
The Brazilian Centennial Exhibition of 1922
ويضم
الزعيمPedro II, Campos Sales, Rodrigues Alves, Afonso Pena, Epitácio Pessoa
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Romanticism in Brazil (pt) 		تلاه ←
Modernism in Brazil

The Brazilian Belle Époque, also known as the Tropical Belle Époque or Golden Age, is the South American branch of the French Belle Époque movement (1871-1914), based on the Impressionist and Art Nouveau artistic movements. It occurred between 1870 and February 1922 (between the last years of the Brazilian Empire and the Modern Art Week) and involved a cosmopolitan culture, with changes in the arts, culture, technology and politics in Brazil.[1]

The Belle Époque in Brazil differs from other countries, both in the duration and the technological advance, and happened mainly in the country's most prosperous regions at the time: the rubber cycle area (Amazonas and Pará), the coffee-growing area (São Paulo and Minas Gerais) and the three main colonial cities (Recife, Rio de Janeiro and Salvador).[1][2]

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History

Amazonas and Pará

المقالة الرئيسية: Amazon rubber cycle
Manaus was the first Brazilian capital to receive electricity

Financed by rubber, the Belle Époque of the Northern region began in 1871, mainly centred on the cities of Belém (capital of the state of Pará) and Manaus (capital of the state of Amazonas), known as the Paris of the Tropics or Paris n'America, and was a period marked by intensive modernization of both cities.[3][4][5]

Between 1890 and 1920, Belém and Manaus were among the most developed and prosperous cities in the world, with technologies that other areas of the country did not yet have, including boulevards, squares, parks, markets, health policies, public transportation and lighting.[3][6][7]

Both had electricity, running water, a sewage system, electric streetcars and avenues over landfilled marshes. In Belém, great architectural works appeared, such as the São Brás Market, the Francisco Bolonha Market, the Ver-o-Peso Market, the Antônio Lemos Palace, the Cine Olympia (the oldest in Brazil in operation), the Grande Hotel, the Bolonha Mansion and several residential palaces, built in large part by the intendant Antônio Lemos.[8] Another attraction in the city is the Theatro da Paz, which was the meeting place for Belém's elite who, dressed in Parisian fashion, attended the inauguration to the sound of musical chords in a splendid, refined and lively atmosphere.[9][7][3]

The Amazon Theatre, inaugurated in 1896 during the Belle Époque

Manaus underwent a radical transformation: the local rulers and merchants brought hundreds of architects, urban planners, landscapers and artists from Europe, whose mission was implementing an ambitious urban plan, which resulted in a city with a European-influenced architectural profile. The extraction of rubber financed the construction of buildings, electric streetcars, a telephone network, piped water and a large floating port.[10] Manaus was one of the first Brazilian cities to have electricity and water and sewage treatment services.[11] The Provincial Palace was built in 1875, the Metropolitan Cathedral in 1877, the Adolpho Lisboa Municipal Market in 1883, the Church of Saint Sebastian in 1888 and the Benjamin Constant Bridge in 1895, all designed by English engineers. In 1896, already equipped with electricity, Manaus inaugurated the luxurious Amazon Theatre, designed by the elite of the city who wanted to bring Manaus culturally closer to the French capital (at the time, the city was nicknamed the Paris of the Tropics).[4][12] The Palace of Justice was built in 1900, the Manaus Customs House in 1909, the Amazonas Public Library in 1910 and the Rio Negro Palace in 1911, among others. At the time, it had around 50,000 inhabitants.[13]

The extraction of rubber, which accounted for 40% of Brazilian exports, gave Belém and Manaus an era of prosperity, making them among the richest cities in Brazil at the time. The currency used in rubber transactions, which circulated in Manaus and Belem during the Brazilian Belle Époque, was the pound sterling (currency of the United Kingdom).[14][6][15]

Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo

The Sugarloaf Cable Car in 1910

In the Southeast, the Belle Époque reflects the golden age that coffee brought to the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, establishing themselves as a national economic center.[16]

At the end of the 19th century, there were profound social changes in Rio de Janeiro's urban landscape. The arrival of immigrants in 1875 after the construction of the Central do Brasil, of several homeless soldiers from the Canudos War in 1897 and of former slaves from the Paraíba Valley after the abolition of slavery in 1888, increased the city's population from 266,000 to 730,000 between 1872 and 1904. As a result, tenements and favelas began to develop in the hills around the city center, leading to the creation of Rio de Janeiro's first favela, the Morro da Providência, in 1897. According to the IBGE, Rio de Janeiro's population reached 1,157,873 in 1920.[17][18][13]

Inspired by Haussmann's reforms, Mayor Pereira Passos conducted a radical urban reform in Rio de Janeiro with the purpose of sanitizing, urbanizing, embellishing and, consequently, giving the city a modern and cosmopolitan appearance. To increase air circulation in the center of Rio, many streets were widened or opened up, such as Floriano Peixoto Street and Rio Branco Avenue, respectively. The historic Morro do Castelo, where Mem de Sá had re-founded the city in 1567 with the installation of the São Sebastião Fortress, the town hall and jail, the governor's house and the warehouses-general, was dismantled. The city also gained numerous streetcar lines.[19] In 1908, the National Exhibition of the 1st Centenary of the Opening of Brazil's Ports was held in Urca, for which several temporary buildings were constructed. Most of these structures were demolished after the end of the exhibition, with the exception of the States Pavilion building, now occupied by the Earth Sciences Museum.[20][21]

Monroe Palace, inaugurated in 1904 and demolished in 1976

Another important element was the creation of middle-class areas in Rio, such as those in the Greater Méier region, and wealthy neighborhoods, such as Glória, Catete, Botafogo and Copacabana, which were permanently occupied with the opening of the Alaor Prata Tunnel.[22] The Sugarloaf Cable Car was also created during this period, in 1912.[23]

In 1897, José Roberto da Cunha Salles directed Ancoradouro de Pescadores na Baía de Guanabara, considered to be the first film in the history of Brazilian cinema.[24] In 1909, the Municipal Theater of Rio de Janeiro, one of the greatest symbols of the Belle Époque in the city, was inaugurated. Later, the entire Cinelândia complex, where the theater is located, was reconfigured with the installation of the Monroe Palace and several cinemas (Cine Odeon, Cineac Trianon, Parisiense, Império, Pathé, Capitólio, Rex, Rivoli, Vitória, Palácio, Metro Passeio, Plaza and Colonial).[25][26]

The new aesthetic also stimulated the remodeling of Rio's traditional leisure centers such as Casa Cavé and Confeitaria Colombo, still considered one of the ten most beautiful coffee houses in the world, as well as the flourishing of rhythms such as choro and samba.[27] Sophisticated hotels such as the Copacabana Palace Hotel, the Glória Hotel and the Balneário Hotel (which later became better known for housing the famous Urca Casino) were inaugurated for the Independence Centenary International Exposition.[28][29] On September 7, 1929, the Joseph Gire Building, the first skyscraper in Brazil, was inaugurated. As a result of all these transformations, in 1928 the journalist and writer from Maranhão, Coelho Neto, described the city in short stories as "A Cidade Maravilhosa" (English: The Marvelous City), a nickname that inspired the carnival march of the same name, composed in 1934 by Antônio André de Sá Filho.[30] In São Paulo, during the First Brazilian Republic (1889-1930), the city industrialized and the population increased from around 70,000 in 1890 to 240,000 in 1900 and 580,000 in 1920. The peak of the coffee period is represented by the construction of the second Luz Station (the current building) at the end of the 19th century and by the Paulista Avenue in 1900, where many mansions were built.[31][32]

Anhangabaú Valley in the 20th century, with views of the Martinelli, Sampaio Moreira and Altino Arantes buildings

The Anhangabaú Valley was landscaped and the area on its left bank was renamed Centro Novo (English: New Center). At the beginning of the 20th century, the seat of the São Paulo government was moved from the Pátio do Colégio to Campos Elísios. In 1922, São Paulo hosted the Modern Art Week, a milestone in the history of art in Brazil. In 1929, the city got its first skyscraper, the Martinelli Building.[33][34] The changes made to the city by Antônio da Silva Prado, the Baron of Duprat, and Washington Luís, who governed from 1899 to 1919, contributed to the feeling of development in São Paulo; some scholars consider that the entire city was demolished and rebuilt during that period.[16]

In the 20th century, with the industrial growth of São Paulo, which also contributed to the difficulties of access to imports during the World War I, the urbanized area of the city began to increase, and some residential neighborhoods were built in areas that used to be farmland.[16] From the 1920s onwards, with the straightening of the course of the Pinheiros River and the conversion of its waters to supply the Henry Borden Hydroelectric Power Station, the flooding in the areas surrounding the river ceased, allowing the emergence of prestigious residential properties on the west side of São Paulo, known today as the Jardins. The principal symbol of the Belle Époque in São Paulo and also in Brazil is the Municipal Theatre of São Paulo.[35][36]

São Paulo developed due to its privileged location at the center of the coffee complex and its proximity to the Port of Santos.[37] The intensive immigration to the city is mainly due to the cultural diversity of the place, greatly influenced by Italians and the mixture of different Brazilian regions. The city also has neighborhoods that are home to immigrant colonies, such as Liberdade, which is the seat of the largest Japanese colony outside Japan, and Bixiga, a refuge of Italian immigrants in the city.[38][39]

Culture

Municipal Theatre of São Paulo, one of the symbols of the Brazilian Belle Époque

The Republic, installed in 1889, wanted to launch a new era in Brazil; to this end, it sought to minimize everything that was reminiscent of the Empire and Portuguese colonization. The arts took a new direction, moving closer to French and Italian cultures. This period witnessed the foundation of Belo Horizonte, a planned city, and the major urban reforms implemented in Rio de Janeiro, then the Federal Capital, by Pereira Passos and Rodrigues Alves.[40][41]

The period was also characterized by strong moralism and sexual repression, which were typical of the Victorian era.[42] The monetary unit in force in Brazil was still the réis, a standard instituted by the Portuguese in colonial times. In terms of the Portuguese language, the spelling rules obeyed the dictates of Greek and Latin. This way of writing only came to an end with the spelling reform of 1943, during the Vargas era; farmácia (pharmacy) and comércio (commerce), for example, were spelled pharmacia and commercio.[43]

The ufanistic atmosphere of the time resulted in foreign words being translated into Portuguese. An example of this was with futebol (soccer), a recent phenomenon in the country, where an attempt was made to rename it ludopédio, where ludo = jogo (game) and pédio = pé (foot), or bola no pé (ball on foot).[44]


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Revolts

المقالة الرئيسية: List of rebellions and revolutions in Brazil
Former president Rodrigues Alves with his family, 1913

There were several revolts during the Brazilian Belle Époque:

End of the era

Corta-Jaca, by Chiquinha Gonzaga, a very popular song at the time

The Brazilian Belle Époque ended in 1922, with the Modern Art Week, the founding of the PCB and the tenentist rebellions. However, the presence of this style of culture didn't disappear all at once, but gradually. Its influence was felt until the early 30s.[1]

See also

References

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