التقسيمات الإدارية في تشاد
التقسيمات الإدارية في تشاد، شهدت العديد من التغيرات منذ عام 1900، عندما تأسس الإقليم لأول مرة بواسطة فرنسا كجزء من امبراطوريتها الاستعمارية، تحت اسم "الأراضي العسكرية لبلدان ومحميات تشاد" (Territoire Militaire des pays et protectorats du Tchad).[1] جرى أو تقسيم عام 1910، عندما تأسست أول 9 أقسام، وسُميت départements (أقاليم) وعام 1935 وrégions (مناطق) عام 1947. أما بالنسبة للمناطق، فكانت مقسمة إلى دوائر.[2]
عام 1960، قبل الاستقلال مباشرة، أصبحت المناطق محافظات، وأصبحت الدوائر (محافظات فرعية). كان عدد المحافظات في الأصل 11 محافظة، وزاد عددها لاحقاً إلى 14 محافظة.[3] عام 1999 تم تعديلها إلى 28 إقليم؛ تغير هذا في نهاية المطاف في 2002، عندما حلت محلها 18 منطقة.[4] أما بالنسبة للمناطق الأخرى، فهي مقسمة إلى أقاليم، وتنقسم هذه الأقاليم إلى محافظات فرعية.[4] بعد سلسلة من الانقسامات عام 2008، ارتفع عدد المناطق إلى 22.[5] عامد 2012 إنفصلت منطقة إندي إلى إندي-شرق وإندي-غرب، ليصل عددها إلى 23 منطقة الحالية.[6][4]
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التاريخ
On September 5, 1900, a decree signed by the French President Émile Loubet officially created the Territoire militaire des pays et protectorats du Tchad as part of the growing French colonial empire. The new territory was placed under the command of a Commissioner who answered to the High Commissioner of the French Congo (called French Equatorial Africa (AEF) after 1910), of which Chad was a circumscription.[7]
In 1906 Chad was merged with the Oubangui-Chari, becoming an autonomous territory within the Oubangui-Chari-Tchad colony, suppressed in 1916. In 1920 Chad was placed on an equal standing with the other AEF colonies (i. e. Gabon, Oubangui-Chari and Middle Congo).[7]
It was only in 1958, when Chad was granted territorial autonomy, that the country was separated from the AEF.[8] Two years later Chad was to come full independence under the government of François Tombalbaye and of the Chadian Progressive Party.[9]
1910–19 circumscriptions
The first Governor-General of French Equatorial Africa, Martial Merlin, built in 1910 for all the colonies he administered a two levels structure. Chad was divided in 9 circonscriptions (circumscriptions), with Fort-Lamy (today N'Djamena) as capital; two years later, as an underdivision of the regions, the subdivisions were introduced.[2] The Mayo-Kebbi circumscription disappeared in 1911 when the left bank of the Logone River was ceded to the German colony of Kamerun as part of the exchange for the French protectorate over Morocco. the area was retaken by France in World War I, and some years later, in 1922, the circumscription was restored and given back to Chad. On the other side Moyen-Chari was part of Oubangui-Chari from 1925 to 1933.[10][11]
In 1914 a new circumscription was added with Borkou-Ennedi, renamed Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti in 1930 when the Tibesti was passed from Niger to Chad.[2]
| N° | Circumscription | Capital |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Baguirmi | Tchekna (Massénya) |
| 2 | Bas-Chari | Fort-Lamy |
| 3 | Batha | Ati |
| 4 | Kanem | Mao |
| 5 | Logone | Behagle (Laï) |
| 6 | Mayo-Kebbi | Léré |
| 7 | Moyen-Chari | Fort-Archambault |
| 8 | Ouaddaï | Abéché |
| 9 | Salamat | Am Timan |
1934 departments
المركزية
In 1934 all the AEF was the object of a major administrative reorganization, known as Renard reform after the Governor-General Edouard Renard. Meant to cut down the maintainment costs and transform the AEF in a unitary colony divided in 4 regions. Chad was placed under a commandant de région who answered to the Governor-Delegate in Bangui, who instead was under the Governor-General in Brazzaville.[12][13]
The circumscriptions of Chad took the name of departments and many of them were merged, while two departments, Logone (united with the Mayo-Kebbi) and Chari-Bangoran (Moyen-Chari and N'Délé) were separated from Chad and placed directly under Bangui's administration.[12][13]
| N° | Department |
|---|---|
| 1 | Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti |
| 2 | Chari-Baguirmi |
| 3 | Kanem-Batha |
| 4 | Ouaddaï-Salamat |
اللامركزية
The radicality of these centralization measures proved themselves unsustainable, causing their reversion on the return to the previous structure of the AEF in 1936. In that year Logone and Moyen-Chari were returned to Chad while both Kanem-Batha and Chari-Baguirmi were split restoring the original 10 subdivisions. In 1944 the departments were brought to 9, when Bas-Chari and Baguirmi were merged back to recreate Chari-Baguirmi.[2][12]
In 1937 Chad was made fully independent from Bangui but the administrator was given the lesser rank of commandant. The following year his rank was increased to governeur (governor), reestablishing a full parity among the AEF colonies.[2]
This is the situation of Chad on December 31, 1945, concerning departments and subdivisions:[14]
| N° | Department | Subdivisions |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Batha | Ati, Mongo, Ouadi Rimé، أم حجر |
| 2 | Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti | Borkou, Ennedi, Tibesti |
| 3 | Chari-Baguirmi | Bokoro, Bousso, Fort-Lamy, Massakory, Massénya |
| 4 | Kanem | Bol, Mao, Moussoro, Rig Rig, Ziguei |
| 5 | Logone | Baïbokoum, Doba, Kélo, Laï, Moundou |
| 6 | Mayo-Kebbi | Bongor, Fianga, Léré, Pala |
| 7 | Moyen-Chari | Fort-Archambault, Koumra, Kyabé, Moissala |
| 8 | Ouaddaï | Abéché, Adré, Am Dam, Biltine, Goz Beida |
| 9 | Salamat | Am Timan, Mangueigne, Melfi-Aboudéia |
انظر أيضاً
المراجع
- ^ S. Decalo (1987); Historical Dictionary of Chad, 2 ed. Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-1937-6, pp. 8, 309.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج B. Lanne (1998); Histoire politique du Tchad de 1945 à 1958, Karthala. ISBN 2-86537-883-7(in فرنسية), pp. 11-12
- ^ S. Decalo, pp. 30-32
- ^ أ ب ت Law, Gwillim. "Regions of Chad". Statoids. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ Ordonnance n° 002/PR/08 portant restructuration de certaines collectivités territoriales décentralisées
- ^ Déby, Idriss (4 September 2012). "Ordonnance No. 27/PR/2012" (PDF). Republic of Chad. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
- ^ أ ب B. Lanne, pp. 9-11
- ^ B. Lanne, p. 9
- ^ S. Decalo, p. 10
- ^ S. Decalo, p. 214
- ^ J. Le Cornec (1963); Histoire politique du Tchad de 1960 à 1962, Librairie générale de droit et jurisprudencie.(in فرنسية), pp. 33-35
- ^ أ ب ت J. Le Cornec, p. 35
- ^ أ ب B. Lanne, pp. 10-11
- ^ B. Lanne, p. 11