الإمبراطور گو-توبا

(تم التحويل من الامبراطور گو-توبا)
Emperor Go-Toba
後鳥羽天皇
Emperor Go-Toba.jpg
Portrait by Fujiwara no Nobuzane, 1221
إمبراطور اليابان
العهدSeptember 8, 1183 – February 18, 1198
التتويجSeptember 4, 1184
سبقهAntoku
تبعهTsuchimikado
ShōgunMinamoto no Yoritomo
وُلِدAugust 6, 1180
Gojō-machi no Tei (五条町の亭), Heian-kyō
توفيمارس 28, 1239(1239-03-28) (aged 58)
Karita Gosho (苅田御所), Oki Islands, Kamakura shogunate
الدفن
Ōhara no Misasagi (大原陵) (Kyōto)
الزوج
(m. 1190)
الأنجال
more...
الاسم بعد الممات
Tsuigō:
Emperor Go-Toba (後鳥羽院 or 後鳥羽天皇)
البيتYamato
الأبEmperor Takakura
الأمFujiwara no Shokushi (Shichijō-in)

Emperor Go-Toba (後鳥羽天皇, Go-Toba-tennō, August 6, 1180 – March 28, 1239) was the 82nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1183 through 1198.[1]

This 12th-century sovereign was named after Emperor Toba, and go- (後), translates literally as "later"; and thus, he is sometimes called the "Later Emperor Toba". The Japanese word go has also been translated to mean the "second one"; and in some older sources, this emperor may be identified as "Toba the Second" or as "Toba II".

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Genealogy

Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his imina)[2] was Takahira-shinnō (尊成親王).[3] He was also known as Takanari-shinnō[4]

He was the fourth son of Emperor Takakura, and thus grandson of Emperor Go-Shirakawa. His mother was Bōmon Shokushi (坊門殖子) (Empress Dowager Shichijō-in, 七条院), daughter of Bōmon Nobutaka (坊門信隆) of the Fujiwara clan.


Consorts and children

  • Empress (chūgū): Fujiwara no Ninshi/Takako (藤原任子) later Gishūmon-in (宜秋門院), Kujō Kanezane's daughter
    • First Daughter: Imperial Princess Shōshi (昇子内親王) later Shunkamon-in (春華門院, 1195–1211) – unmarried Empress as adopted mother of Emperor Juntoku
  • Consort: Minamoto no Zaishi/Ariko (源在子) later Shomeimon-in (承明門院; 1171–1257), Minamoto no Michichika's adopted daughter and priest Nōen's daughter
  • Consort: Fujiwara no Shigeko (藤原重子) later Shumeimon-in (修明門院; 1182–1264), Takakura Norisue's daughter
    • Third Son: Imperial Prince Morinari (守成親王) later Emperor Juntoku
    • Imperial Prince Masanari (雅成親王) (exiled after Jōkyū War)
    • Imperial Prince Priest Sonkai (尊快法親王, 1204–1246) – Head Priest of Enryaku-ji Temple (Tendai Zasu, 天台座主)
  • Court lady: Bōmon no Tsubone (坊門局), Bōmon Nobukiyo's daughter
    • Imperial Prince Nagahito (長仁親王, 1196–1249) later Imperial Prince Priest Dōjo (道助法親王), become 8th Head priest of Ninna-ji Temple
    • Third Daughter: Imperial Princess Reishi (礼子内親王; 1200–1273) later Kayōmon-in (嘉陽門院)
    • Imperial Prince Yorihito (頼仁親王, 1201–1264) (exiled after Jōkyū Incident)
  • Court lady: Hyōe-no-kami no Tsubone (兵衛督局), Minamoto no Nobuyasu's daughter
    • Second Daughter: Imperial Princess Shukushi (粛子内親王; b.1196) (Takatsuji Saigū, 高辻斎宮) – Saiō at Ise Shrine 1199–1210
  • Court lady: Owari no Tsubone (尾張局, d.1204), priest Kensei's daughter
    • Imperial Prince Dōkaku (道覚法親王; 1204–1250) – Head Priest of Enryaku-ji Temple (Tendai Zasu, 天台座主)
  • Court lady: Ōmiya no Tsubone (大宮局), Fujiwara no Sadayoshi's daughter
    • Imperial Prince Son'en (尊円法親王; 1207–1231) – Head Priest of Miidera Temple
    • Gyōetsu (行超) – priest in Emryakuji Temple
  • Court lady: Shonagon no Suke (少納言典侍)
    • Dōshu (道守) – priest
  • Court lady: Kamegiku (亀菊), a dancer (Shirabyōshi)
  • Court lady: Taki (滝; d.1265), a dancer (Shirabyōshi)
    • Imperial Prince Kakunin (覚仁法親王) (1198–1266) – Head priest of Onjō-ji Temple
  • Court lady: Tamba no Tsubone (丹波局), Ishi (石), a dancer (Shirabyōshi)
  • Court lady: Himehōshi (姫法師), a dancer (Shirabyōshi)
    • Kakuyo (覚誉) – priest
    • Dōi (道伊) – priest in Onjō-ji Temple
    • Dōen (道縁) – priest in Ninna-ji Temple
  • Mother Unknown:
    • Son: Prince Ichijo (一条宮, 1201–1213)
    • princess (1202–1207)

Events of Go-Toba's life

Go-Toba took the throne at the age of three.

  • September 8, 1183 (Juei 2, 20th day of the 8th month): In the 3rd year of Antoku-tennō's reign (安徳天皇三年), the emperor fled the capital rather than give in to pressures for his abdication. In Antoku's absence, the cloistered former-Emperor Go-Shirakawa then elevated Antoku's younger brother by decree; and the young child was given the acceptance of abdication (juzen) rites.[5] The anti-Taira faction intended that the succession (senso) was received; and shortly thereafter, Emperor Go-Toba is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).[6]

Although these formal rites and ceremonies were taking place in Heian-kyō, the imperial regalia were still held by Antoku. Thus, the senso and sokui of Go-Toba became the first in history to omit the ritual transmission of the sacred treasures from a sovereign to his successor.[5]

In 1192 Go-Shirakawa died and the first shogunate was established by Minamoto no Yoritomo, and the emperor became a figurehead.[7]

In 1198, Go-Toba abdicated in favor of his son, Emperor Tsuchimikado.

Go-Toba reigned as cloistered Emperor from 1198 till 1221 during reigns of three emperors, but his power was more limited than former cloistered Emperors in the Heian period.

It was during this time that Go-Toba decreed that the followers of the Pure Land sect in Kyōto, led by Hōnen, be banished or in some cases executed. Originally this was prompted by complaints of clergy in Kyoto who were concerned about the rise in popularity of the new sect, but Go-Toba personally ordered the decree after two of his ladies in waiting converted to the sect without his knowledge.[8]

In 1221, the shōgun installed Go-Toba's three-year-old grandson, Emperor Chūkyō, as emperor, but Go-Toba chose to stage a rebellion in an attempt to reclaim the throne and overthrow the Kamakura shogunate. This conflict is known as the Jōkyū War, named after the era in which it occurred.[7]:377–382 Samurai around Kyōto who were against the Shogunate supported him but most samurai, particularly in Kantō, supported the Shogunate with encouragement of Hōjō Masako, the widow of Yoritomo. She persuaded samurai gathering in Kamakura that if they would not support the Shōgunate, then the contemporary status and privileges that samurai had attained would be lost, and the court and kuge would regain their power and influence. Go-Toba's rebellion was defeated and Chūkyō was replaced as emperor by Go-Horikawa, a nephew of Go-Toba.

After the rebellion Go-Toba was exiled to the Oki Islands. He died and was buried there.

Non-political activities

"Letting the radiance of his power and majesty shine forth unobscured, at the same time he amused himself with every variety of art and accomplishment. In all of these he was second to none, so that people wondered when and how he had gained such proficiency. And many who were experts at one or another of these arts were enabled by the ex-emperor's interest to attain fame and fortune. It is said that the Buddha leads all men to salvation, even those guilty of the ten evils and five deadly sins. For his part, the ex-sovereign showed an interest in every accomplishment, even those which seemed of the most trivial and insignificant kind. So that all sorts of people who had any claim to knowledge of these matters were summoned to his presence, where, it appears, they could petition freely for his favor.
Among all these arts, his skill in Japanese poetry might be said to leave one at a loss for superlatives. People might think that to speak in this way is to make much out of nothing. But since a great many of the ex-sovereign's compositions may be easily found in various collections, anyone can judge for himself. It may be imagined what must have been his skill in other arts and accomplishments. But as long as endure the texts of his poetic compositions as people have written them down and preserved them, even remote generations may see for themselves the extent of his poetic mastery."

— Minamoto Ienaga, private secretary، Zenchukai[9]

Despite the limits on his political powers, he developed skills as a calligrapher, painter, musician, poet, critic,[10] and editor, although the majority of his activities took place after his abdication aged 18 (as the abdication freed him from 'the ceremonial prison of the imperial palace').[11]

Besides his enthusiasm for archery, equestrianism, and swordsmanship,[12] Go-Toba was a great lover of swords themselves, and over the course of several years summoned the most talented swordsmiths in the land to his court where they were given honorary titles and invited to teach the emperor their craft. He became a respectable swordsmith himself, and it was his patronage and encouragement of this art that gave birth to Japan's 'Golden Age' of bladesmithing. His contribution to the art is still held in such high esteem, that even today a tradition is maintained in sword literature that he is the first swordsmith to be discussed.

His greatest contribution to literature is the Shin Kokinshū (The New Anthology of Ancient and Modern Waka), which Japanese has considered one of three major influential waka anthologies along Man'yōshū and Kokin Wakashū. He ordered its creation and took part in the working group as an editor. He revived the Office of Waka (和歌所) and made it the headquarters of this edition. He held many utakai (waka parties) and utaawase (waka competitions). Not only the creator and organizer, he acted as a critic, and wrote the style of waka in general and criticism of his contemporary poets.

Tomb of Emperor Go-Toba and Emperor Juntoku, Kyoto

During his exile, he continued to compose hundreds of waka and to edit both anthologies from his creation in Oki Islands and a private edition of Shin Kokinshū for 18 years, getting rid of around 400 wakas from the former edition, while its edition had been officially declared to be completed in 1204, and further elaborations finished even in 1216. While he declared his private edition should be authentic, today the 1216 version is considered as the authentic and others as variants. His edition is today called Oki-bon Shin Kokinshū (Oki edition). It is probable that during his exile, he also wrote his Go-Toba no in gokuden ("Secret Teachings"), a short work on aesthetic criticism; the "Secret Teachings" are particularly valuable as a major source on Go-Toba's complicated relationships with his former client, the greatest poet of the age – Fujiwara no Teika.[13]

One of his 31-syllable poems was chosen by Fujiwara no Teika as Number 99 in the popular anthology Hyakunin Isshu.

Kugyō

Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Go-Toba's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

Eras of Go-Toba's reign

The years of Go-Toba's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[18]

Ancestry


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See also

Notes

Japanese Imperial kamon – a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
  1. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 207–221; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 334–339; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. pp. 215–220.
  2. ^ Brown, pp. 264; n.b., up until the time of Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors (their imina) were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.
  3. ^ Varley, p. 215.
  4. ^ Titsingh, p. 207; Brown, p. 334.
  5. ^ أ ب Varley, p. 216.
  6. ^ Titsingh, pp. 206–207;] Brown, p. 334; Varley, p. 44; n.b., a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
  7. ^ أ ب Sansom, George (1958). A History of Japan to 1334. Stanford University Press. p. 331. ISBN 0804705232.
  8. ^ "About Honen Shonin," Archived أكتوبر 31, 2013 at the Wayback Machine Jōdo shū.
  9. ^ Ishida and Satsukawa's edition; as translated in pg 7 of Brower 1972
  10. ^ "Perhaps the most talented of Japan's many poet-emperors, Go-Toba was also an astute and sensitive critic." pg 5, Brower 1972
  11. ^ Brower, Robert H. "Ex-Emperor Go-Toba's Secret Teachings": Go-Toba no in Gokuden. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 32, (1972), p 7.
  12. ^ Brower, p. 6.
  13. ^ Brower, pp. 5–70.
  14. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ Brown, p. 335.
  15. ^ Brown, p. 335; n.b., Kanefusa was the brother of Jien, the author of Gukanshō.
  16. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د Brown, p. 336.
  17. ^ Brown, p. 337.
  18. ^ Titsingh, pp. 207; Brown, p. 337.
  19. ^ "Genealogy". Reichsarchiv (in اليابانية). April 30, 2010. Retrieved 9 November 2019.

References

  • Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
  • Brownlee, John S. (1991). Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing: From Kojiki (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712). Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 0-88920-997-9
  • Brower, Robert H. "Ex-Emperor Go-Toba's Secret Teachings": Go-Toba no in Gokuden. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 32, (1972), pp 5–70.
  • Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
  • Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
  • Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842
  • Smits, Ivo (1998) "The Poet and the Politician: Teika and the Compilation of the Shinchokusenshu" Monumenta Nipponica 53(4): pp. 427–472, p. 446
ألقاب ملكية
سبقه
Emperor Antoku
Emperor of Japan:
Go-Toba

1183–1198
تبعه
Emperor Tsuchimikado
Imperial Seal of Japan.svg أباطرة اليابان Imperial Seal of Japan.svg
الأباطرة الأسطوريون
1 جيمو
神武
2 سوي‌زيْ
綏靖
3 安寧 4 懿徳 5 孝昭 6 孝安 7 孝霊 8 孝元 9 開化 10 崇神
11 垂仁 12 景行 13 成務 14 仲哀  
حقبة يـَمـاتـو 大和時代 (كـُفون)، الفترة (250538)
15 اوجين
応神
16 نين تـُكو
仁徳
17 履中 18 反正 19 允恭 20 安康 21 雄略 22 清寧 23 顕宗 24 仁賢
25 武烈 26 継体 27 安閑 28 宣化  
حقبة أسـوكـا 飛鳥時代، الفترة (538710)
29 كيم مـِيْ
欽明
30 بيداتسو
敏達
31 يومـِيْ
用明
32 سوشون
崇峻
33 سويكو
推古
34 جومـِيْ
舒明
35 كوگيوكو
皇極
36 كوتـُكو
孝徳
37 كوگيوكو
斉明
38 تنجي
天智
39 كـُبون
弘文
40 تمـّو
天武
41 جيتو
持統
42 مـُمـّو
文武
43 گـِم مـِيْ
元明
 
حقبة نـارا 奈良時代، الفترة (710 - 794)
44 گـِنشو
元正
45 شومو 聖武 46 كوكـِن
孝謙
47 جون نين 淳仁 48 شوتـُكو
称徳
49 كونين
光仁
 
حقبة هـِيْ آن 平安時代، الفترة (794 - 1185)
50 كـَمـّو
桓武
51 平城 52 嵯峨 53 淳和 54 仁明 55 文徳 56 清和 57 陽成 58 光孝 59 اودا
宇多
60 دايگو
醍醐
61 سوزاكو
朱雀
62 موراكامي
村上
63 ريْ‌زيْ
冷泉
64 إن‌يو
円融
65 كازان
花山
66 一条 67 三条 68 後一条 69 後朱雀
70 後冷泉 71 後三条 72 白河 73 堀河 74 鳥羽 75 崇徳 76 كونوئ
近衛天皇
77 گو-شيراكاوا
後白河天皇
78 二条 79 六条
80 高倉 81 أن تـُكو
安徳
82 گو توبا
後鳥羽
 
حقبة كـَماكورا 鎌倉時代، الفترة (1185 - 1333)
83 تسوتشي ميكادو
土御門
84 جون تـُكو
順徳
85 仲恭 86 後堀河 87 四条 88 後嵯峨 89 後深草 90 亀山 91 後宇多 92 伏見
93 後伏見 94 後二条 95 花園 96 گو دايگو
後醍醐
 
حقبة مورُماتشي 室町時代، الفترة (1336 - 1573)
97 گو موراكامي
後村上
98 تشو كـِيْ
長慶
99 گو كامـِياما
後亀山
100 گو كوماتسو
後小松
البلاط الشمالي 北朝 "هـُكوچو" 1 كوگـُن
光厳
2 كومـْيو
光明
3 崇光 4 後光厳 5 後円融 6 後小松  
101 称光 102 後花園 103 後土御門 104 後柏原 105 後奈良 106 正親町 107 後陽成  
حقبة إدو 江戸時代، الفترة (16031868)
108 گو ميزونو 後水尾 109 مـِيـْشو
明正
110 گو كوميو
後光明
111 گو ساي
後西
112 ريـْگـِن
霊元
113 هيگاشي ياما
東山
114 ناكا ميكادو
中御門
115 ساكورا ماتشي
桜町
116 موموزونو
桃園
117 گو ساكورا ماتشي
後桜町
118 گو موموزونو
後桃園
119 كوكاكو
光格
120 نين كو
仁孝
121 كومـِيْ
孝明
 
اليابان المعاصرة (عهد مـِيـْجي 明治時代 ف. 18681912)
122 ميـْجي
明治
123 تايشو
大正
124 هيروهيتو
昭和
125 أكيهيتو
今上
126 ناروهيتو
徳仁
ولي العهد الإمبراطورات النساء (باللون الأحمر)