إتروريا

هذا المقال هو عن منطقة قديمة في إيطاليا. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر إتروريا (توضيح).
"تيرهينيا" redirects here. For other uses, see تيرهينيا (توضيح).
"تيرسينيا" redirects here. For other uses, see تيرسينيا (توضيح).
خريطة تبين إتروريا والمستعمرات الإتروسكية في عام 750 ق.م. وكما توسعت حتى 500 ق.م.

إتروريا ( Etruria ؛ /ɪˈtrʊəriə/ ih-TROOR-ee-ə) كانت منطقة في وسط إيطاليا تحدها أنهار أرنو و تيبر،[1] وهي مساحة تغطي ما هو الآن معظم توسكانيا، وشمال لاتسيو، وشمال غرب أومبريا.

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إتروريا الإتروسكية

The ancient people of Etruria[2] are identified as Etruscans. Their complex culture[3] centered on numerous city-states that arose during the Villanovan period in the ninth century BC, and they were very powerful during the Orientalizing Archaic periods.

The Etruscans were a dominant culture in Italy by 650 BC,[4] surpassing other ancient Italic peoples such as the Ligures. Their influence may be seen beyond Etruria's confines in the Po River Valley and Latium, as well as in Campania and through their contact with the Greek colonies in Southern Italy (including Sicily). Indeed, at some Etruscan tombs, such as those of the Tumulus di Montefortini at Comeana (see Carmignano) in Tuscany, physical evidence of trade with Egypt has been found by archaeologists—fine Egyptian faience cups are an example. Such trade occurred either directly with Egypt or through intermediaries such as Greek or Phoenician sailors.

Rome was influenced strongly by the Etruscans even though it was separated from the early boundary of Etruria by the Silva Ciminia, the Ciminian Forest. A series of Etruscan kings ruled Rome until 509 BC when the last Etruscan king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, was removed from power and the Roman Republic was established.[5] The Etruscans are credited with influencing Roman architecture and ritual practice; it was under the Etruscan kings that important structures such as the Capitolium, Cloaca Maxima, and Via Sacra were realized.

The Etruscan civilization had a great influence on the culture of early Republican Rome, some of what later became the most symbolic traditions of the city. It also included the introduction of new foods, the Latin alphabet, the architecture, and engineering elements.[6]


التقسيمات الإقليمية لإتروريا

Etruria usually is divided into two main territories, called Northern Etruria and Southern Etruria, to which must be added the northernmost territories are called Etruria Padana, and the southernmost territories are called Etruria Campana.

Etruria (proper)
  • Northern Etruria - much of modern Tuscany, from the Arno river to the north, the Apennines to the east, and the Albegna river to the south of Tuscany; furthermore, the Etruscan territories north to Perugia in modern Umbria
  • Southern Etruria - small portions of the most southern areas of Tuscany, all of northern and central Lazio to the gates of Rome
Etruscan colonies
انظر أيضاً: Etruscan cities § Etruria Padana, and Etruscan cities § Etruria Campana

مدن إتروريا

Etruscan votive heads found in various sanctuaries throughout Etruria and dating from the fourth century BC through the second century BC
المقالة الرئيسية: Etruscan cities

Latin and Italian names are given between parentheses:

There was a period between 600 BC and 500 BC, during which twelve Etruscan city-states formed a loose confederation known as the Etruscan League. Etruscan was the official language for their meetings. When Etruria was conquered by the Roman Republic, Latin became the official language.

إتروريا الرومانية

In the Augustan organization of Roman Italy, Etruria was the name of a region (Regio VII). Its borders were the Tiber, the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Apuan Alps, and the Apennines. This is roughly coincident with those of Etruria before the Roman period that began in 509 BC.[7]

إتروريا في التاريخ الحديث

The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (which existed 1569–1801 and 1814–1859) styled itself in Latin as Magnus Ducatus Etruriae (Grand Duchy of Etruria). The name Etruria also was applied to the Kingdom of Etruria, an ephemeral client state of Napoleon I of France that replaced the Grand Duchy between 1801 and 1807.

A particularly noteworthy work dealing with Etruscan locations is D. H. Lawrence's Sketches of Etruscan Places and other Italian essays.

للاستزادة

  • Coberly, Daniel (2013). An Ancient and Modern History of Etruria. Italian Heritage Press. ISBN 978-0615819112.

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ Treccani.
  2. ^ Posth, Cosimo; et al. (2021). "The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect". Science Advances. 7 (39): eabi7673. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.7673P. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abi7673. PMC 8462907. PMID 34559560.
  3. ^ Kindy, David, Where Did the Ancient Etruscans Come From?: A new DNA analysis suggests the enigmatic civilization was native to the Italian Peninsula, Smithsonian, September 29, 2021
  4. ^ Rix, Helmut. "Etruscan." In The Ancient Languages of Europe, ed. Roger D. Woodard. Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 141–164.
  5. ^ Cary, M.; Scullard, H. H., A History of Rome. Page 28. 3rd Ed. 1979. ISBN 0-312-38395-9.
  6. ^ Roma.Com, Redazione (2021-08-04). "L'influenza della civiltà etrusca sugli antichi Romani". Roma.Com (in الإيطالية). Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  7. ^ Baracca, M. (1970). Atlante Storico (in Latin). Novara: De Agostini. p. 15.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

ببليوجرافيا

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