ألعاب عموم اليونان القديمة

"ألعاب عموم اليونان القديمة Panhellenic Games" هي المصطلح الجمعي لأربع مهرجانات رياضية منفصلة كانت تقام في اليونان القديمة. الألعاب الأربعة كانت:

الألعاب	الإله المُـكرَّم	المكان	الجائزة	التواتر
الألعاب الأولمپية Olympic Games	زيوس	أولمپيا، إليس	إكليل زيتون (كوتينوس)	كل أربع سنوات
الألعاب الپيثية Pythian Games	أپولو	دلفي	إكليل الغار	كل أربع سنوات (سنتين بعد الألعاب الأولمپية)
الألعاب النيمية Nemean Games	زيوس، هراقليس	نيميا، كورنثيا	الكرفس البري	كل سنتين (السنتين الثانية والرابعة بعد الأولمپياد)
الألعاب البرزخية Isthmian Games	پوسايدون	إستميا، سيكيون	صنوبر	كل سنتين (سنة قبل وسنة بعد الألعاب الأولمبية)

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 الوصف

The Olympiad was one of the ways the Greeks measured time. The Olympic Games were used as a starting point, year one of the cycle; the Nemean and Isthmian Games were both held (in different months) in year two, followed by the Pythian Games in year three, and then the Nemean and Isthmian Games again in year four. The cycle then repeated itself with the Olympic Games. They were structured this way so that individual athletes could participate in all of the games.

(ولكن لاحط أن المؤشر في آلية الأنتي‌كثيرا – [1] – يبدو أنه يُظهـِر أن الألعاب النيمية والبرزخية لم يحدثا في نفس السنة.)

المشاركون كانوا يأتون من كل العالم اليوناني، بما في ذلك مختلف المستعمرات اليونانية من آسيا الصغرى إلى اسبانيا. However, participants probably had to be fairly wealthy in order to pay for training, transportation, lodging, and other expenses. Neither women nor non-Greeks were allowed to participate, except for very occasional later exceptions, such as the Roman emperor Nero.

The main events at each of the games were chariot racing, wrestling, boxing, pankration, stadion and various other foot races, and the pentathlon (made up of wrestling, stadion, long jump, javelin throw, and discus throw). Except for the chariot race, all the events were performed nude.

The Olympic Games were the oldest of the four, said to have begun in 776 BC. It is more likely though that they were founded sometime in the late 7th century BC. They lasted until the Roman Emperor Theodosius, a Christian, abolished them as heathen in AD 393. The Pythian, Nemean and Isthmian games most likely began sometime in the first or second quarter of the 6th century BC. The Isthmian games were held at the temple to Poseidon on the Isthmus of Corinth.

The games are also known as the stephanitic games, because winners received only a garland for victory. (Stephanitic derives from stephanos the Attic Greek word for crown.) No financial or material prizes were awarded, unlike at other ancient Greek athletic or artistic contests, such as the Panathenaic Games, at which winners were awarded many amphorae of first-class Athenian olive-oil. The Olympic games awarded a garland of olives; the Pythian games, a garland of laurel, i.e. bay leaves; the Nemean games, a crown of wild celery, and the Isthmian, a garland of pine leaves in the archaic period, one of dried celery in the Classical and Hellenistic periods, and again one of pine from then on. Though victors received no material awards at the games, they were often showered with gifts and honors on returning to their polis.

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