أساترو

A metal hammer, worn as a pendant around an individual's neck
A modern replica of a Viking Age pendant representing Mjölnir, the hammer of the god Thor; such pendants are often worn by Heathens.

الأساترو هي من مجموعة ديانات وتقاليد وثنية أصلها نرسية، كانت موجودة بين التوتونيون في اوروبا الشمالية. معظم الجماعات والمؤسسات التي تسمي نفسها "اساترو" تأسس قائمة آلهتها من الأساطير النورسية والقصص الآيسلندية وعلى معلومات تاريخية.

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تعريف

Two tables located in the snow. On the tables are various fruits and wooden quasi-anthropomorphic statues.
Outdoor altar to mark Yule 2010, set up by the Swedish Forn Sed Assembly in Gothenburg, Västergötland
Eight people, all white, stand on heathland. Some of them are dressed in historical clothing akin to that worn in the medieval period.
A 2009 rite performed on the Icelandic hill of Öskjuhlíð, Reykjavík
A thin wooden pillar located within woodland
Heathen ritual space marked out by an engraved wooden pillar, located on The Wrekin in Shropshire, England


المعتقدات

الآلهة والأرواح

A stone with various engravings upon it
A detail from Gotland runestone G 181, in the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm. The three figures are interpreted as Odin, Thor, and Freyr, deities which have seen their veneration revived among modern Heathens.
A grassy area with stones arranged in an oval shape demarcating a burial area. In the distance can be seen trees and a hill.
Heathen cemetery in Gufuneskirkjugarður, Reykjavík, which was established in 1999

الأخلاق

A man and a woman standing outdoors by a tree, wearing red and white robes
A 2011 Heathen blót in Humlamaden near Veberöd in Lund, Sweden
A table on which fruits and some wooden icons are situated
A 2010 outdoor altar at the Springblót at Gamla Uppsala, Uppland, Sweden


الطقوس والممارسات

A wooden table indoors on which have been placed wooden icons
A Heathen altar for the Yule feast in Gothenburg, Sweden. The painted tablet at the back depicts Sunna, the two larger wooden idols Odin (left) and Frey (right). In front of them there are the three Norns, and in the front row a red Thor and other idols. In front of the cult images are two ritual hammers.

الأعياد

A crowd of people walking along an outdoor path. They are led by individuals in robes, and a number carry flag banners.
Members of the Ásatrúarfélagið preparing for a Þingblót at Þingvellir, Iceland


An outdoor fire burning in front of a wooden post with an anthropomorphic face carved into the top
Altar for Haustblót in Bohus-Björkö, Västergötland, Sweden. The big wooden idol represents the god Frey, the smaller one next to it represents Freyja, the picture in front of it Sunna, and the small red idol Thor.


التاريخ

السوابق الرومانسية والشعبية

المقالة الرئيسية: Germanic mysticism and Viking revival
An elderly, bearded white man wearing glasses and a beret
Guido von List, who promoted an early form of Heathenry

During the late 18th and 19th centuries, German Romanticism focused increasing attention on the pre-Christian belief systems of Germanic Europe, with various Romanticist intellectuals expressing the opinion that these ancient religions were "more natural, organic and positive" than Christianity.[1] Such an attitude was promoted by the scholarship of Romanticist intellectuals like Johann Gottfried Herder, Jacob Grimm, and Wilhelm Grimm.[2] This development went in tandem with a growth in nationalism and the idea of the volk, contributing to the establishment of the Völkisch movement in German-speaking Europe.[3] Criticising the Jewish roots of Christianity, in 1900 the Germanist Ernst Wachler published a pamphlet calling for the revival of a racialized ancient German religion.[4] Other writers such as Ludwig Fahrenkrog supported his claims, resulting in the formation of both the Bund fur Persönlichkeitskultur (League for the Culture of the Personality) and the Deutscher Orden in 1911 and then the Germanische-Deutsche Religionsgemeinschaft (Germanic-German Religious Community) in 1912.[5]

التطور الحديث

An elderly man wearing red and white robes standing in an open area
Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson, leader of the Icelandic Ásatrúarfélagið, at a blót in 1991
Three middle-aged white men sitting at a camping table outdoors
Prominent American Heathens Stephen McNallen (left) and Michael "Valgard" Murray (center), with Eric "Hnikar" Wood (right) at the 2000 Althing


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انظر أيضاً


المراجع

الهامش

  1. ^ Granholm 2011, pp. 520–521.
  2. ^ Schnurbein 2016, p. 17.
  3. ^ Granholm 2011, p. 521; Schnurbein 2016, p. 17.
  4. ^ Schnurbein 2016, p. 38.
  5. ^ Schnurbein 2016, pp. 38–40.

المصادر

Adler, Margot (2006) [1979]. Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshipers and Other Pagans in America (revised ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-303819-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Asbjørn Jøn, A. (1999). "'Skeggøld, Skálmöld; Vindöld, Vergöld': Alexander Rud Mills and the Ásatrú Faith in the New Age". Australian Religion Studies Review. 12 (1): 77–83. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Asprem, Egil (2008). "Heathens Up North: Politics, Polemics, and Contemporary Paganism in Norway". The Pomegranate: the International Journal of Pagan Studies. 10 (1): 42–69. doi:10.1558/pome.v10i1.41. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Amster, Matthew H. (2015). "It's Not Easy Being Apolitical: Reconstructionism and Eclecticism in Danish Asatro". Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe: Colonialist and Nationalist Impulses. New York and Oxford: Berghahn. pp. 43–63. ISBN 978-1-78238-646-9. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
Berger, Helen A.; Leagh, Evan A.; Shaffer, Leigh S. (2003). Voices from the Pagan Census: A National Survey of Witches and Neo-Pagans in the United States. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-488-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Blain, Jenny (2002). Nine Worlds of Seidr-Magic: Ecstasy and Neo-Shamanism in North European Paganism. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25651-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Blain, Jenny (2005). "Heathenry, the Past, and Sacred Sites in Today's Britain". Modern Paganism in World Cultures. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 181–208. ISBN 978-1-85109-608-4. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
Blain, Jenny; Wallis, Robert (2007). Sacred Sites, Contested Rites/Rights: Pagans Engagements with Archaeological Monuments. Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-84519-130-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Blain, Jenny; Wallis, Robert J. (2009). "Heathenry". Handbook of Contemporary Paganisms. Leiden: Brill. pp. 413–432. ISBN 978-90-04-16373-7. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
Črnič, Aleš (2013). "Neopaganism in Slovenia". Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe. Durham: Acumen. pp. 182–194. ISBN 978-1-84465-662-2. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
Davy, Barbara Jane (2007). Introduction to Pagan Studies. Lanham: Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-0819-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Dostálová, Anna-Marie (2013). "Czech Neopagan Movements and Leaders". Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe. Durham: Acumen. pp. 164–181. ISBN 978-1-84465-662-2. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
Doyle White, Ethan (2014). "The Goddess Frig: Reassessing an Anglo-Saxon Deity". Preternature: Critical and Historical Studies on the Preternatural. 3 (2): 284–310. doi:10.5325/preternature.3.2.0284. JSTOR 10.5325/preternature.3.2.0284. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Doyle White, Ethan (2016). "Old Stones, New Rites: Contemporary Pagan Interactions with the Medway Megaliths". Material Religion: The Journal of Objects, Art and Belief. 12 (3): 346–372. doi:10.1080/17432200.2016.1192152. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Feraro, Shai (2016). "The Return of Baal to the Holy Land: Canaanite Reconstructionism among Contemporary Israeli Pagans". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (2): 59–81. doi:10.1525/nr.2016.20.2.59. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Gardell, Matthias (2003). Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Durham and London: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3071-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2003). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3155-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2004) [1985]. The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology. New York: Tauris Parke. ISBN 978-1-86064-973-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Granholm, Kennet (2011). ""Sons of Northern Darkness": Heathen Influences in Black Metal and Neofolk Music". Numen. 58 (4): 514–544. doi:10.1163/156852711x577069. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Gregorius, Fredrik (2006). "The "Allgermanische Heidnische Front" and Old Norse Religion". Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives: Origins, Changes, and Interactions. Lund: Nordic Academic Press. pp. 389–392. ISBN 978-91-89116-81-8. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
Gregorius, Fredrik (2015). "Modern Heathenism in Sweden: A Case Study in the Creation of a Traditional Religion". Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe: Colonialist and Nationalist Impulses. New York and Oxford: Berghahn. pp. 64–85. ISBN 978-1-78238-646-9. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
Harvey, Graham (1995). "Heathenism: A North European Pagan Tradition". Paganism Today. London: Thorsons. pp. 49–64. ISBN 978-0-7225-3233-1. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
Harvey, Graham (2007). Listening People, Speaking Earth: Contemporary Paganism (second ed.). London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1-85065-272-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Horrell, Thad N. (2012). "Heathenry as a Postcolonial Movement". The Journal of Religion, Identity, and Politics. 1 (1): 1–14. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Hunt-Anschutz, Arlea (2002). "Heathenry". The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism. New York: Citadel Press. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-0-8065-2406-1. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
Kaplan, Jeffrey (1996). "The Reconstruction of the Ásatrú and Odinist Traditions". Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft. New York: State University of New York. pp. 193–236. ISBN 978-0-7914-2890-0. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
Kaplan, Jeffrey (1997). Radical Religion in America: Millenarian Movements from the Far Right to the Children of Noah. Syracuse: Syracuse Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0396-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Magliocco, Sabina (2004). Witching Culture: Folklore and Neo-Paganism in America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1879-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Paxson, Diana (2002). "Asatru in the United States". The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism. New York: Citadel Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-8065-2406-1. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
Pizza, Murphy (2014). Paganistan: Contemporary Pagan Community in Minnesota's Twin Cities. Farnham: Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4094-4283-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Pizza, Murphy (2015). "Fire and Ice in Midvestjard: American Religion and Norse Identity in Minnesota's Heathen Community". Handbook of Nordic New Religions. Leiden: Brill. pp. 495–502. ISBN 978-90-04-29244-4. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
Poewe, Karla; Hexham, Irving (2005). "Jakob Wilhelm Hauer's New Religion and National Socialism". Journal of Contemporary Religion. 20 (2): 195–215. doi:10.1080/13537900500067752. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Radulovic, Nemanja (2017). "From Folklore to Esotericism and Back: Neo-Paganism in Serbia". The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies. 19 (1): 47–76. doi:10.1558/pome.30374. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Shnirelman, Victor A. (2013). "Russian Neopaganism: From Ethnic Religion to Racial Violence". Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe. Durham: Acumen. pp. 62–71. ISBN 978-1-844656622. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
Schnurbein, Stefanie von (2016). Norse Revival: Transformations of Germanic Neopaganism. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-1-60846-737-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Snook, Jennifer (2013). "Reconsidering Heathenry: The Construction of an Ethnic Folkway as Religio-ethnic Identity". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 16 (3): 52–76. doi:10.1525/nr.2013.16.3.52. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Snook, Jennifer (2015). American Heathens: The Politics of Identity in a Pagan Religious Movement. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-4399-1097-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Snook, Jennifer; Horrell, Thad; Horton, Kristen (2017). "Heathens in the United States: The Return to "Tribes" in the Construction of a Peoplehood". In Kathryn Rountree (ed.) (ed.). Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism, and Modern Paganism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 43–64. ISBN 978-1-137-57040-6. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |editor= has generic name (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Strmiska, Michael F. (2000). "Ásatrú in Iceland: The Rebirth of Nordic Paganism". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 4 (1): 106–132. doi:10.1525/nr.2000.4.1.106. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Strmiska, Michael F. (2007). Putting the Blood Back into Blót: The Revival of Animal Sacrifice in Modern Nordic Paganism. Vol. 9. pp. 154–189. doi:10.1558/pome.v9.i2.3921. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |journal= ignored (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Strmiska, Michael F.; Sigurvinsson, Baldur A. (2005). "Asatru: Nordic Paganism in Iceland and America". Modern Paganism in World Cultures. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 127–179. ISBN 978-1-85109-608-4. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
Trafford, Simon; Pluskowski, Aleks (2007). "Antichrist Superstars: The Vikings in Hard Rock and Heavy Metal". Mass Market Medieval: Essays on the Middle Ages in Popular Culture. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. pp. 57–73. ISBN 978-0-7864-2922-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
Velkoborská, Kamila (2015). "The Brotherhood of Wolves in the Czech Republic: From Ásatrú to Primitivism". Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe: Colonialist and Nationalist Impulses. New York and Oxford: Berghahn. pp. 86–109. ISBN 978-1-78238-646-9. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
Weinstein, Deena (2013). "Pagan Metal". Pop Pagans: Paganism and Popular Music. Durham: Acumen. pp. 58–75. ISBN 978-1-84465-646-2. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
Witulski, Vladimir (2013). ""Imported" Paganisms in Poland in the Twenty-First Century: A Sketch of the Developing Landscape". Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe. Durham: Acumen. pp. 298–314. ISBN 978-1-84465-662-2. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
York, Michael (1995). The Emerging Network: A Sociology of the New Age and Neo-Pagan Movements. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-8001-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)


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للاستزادة

دراسات أكاديمية

Bernauer, Lauren (2006). "Modern Germanic Heathenry and the Radical Traditionalists". Through a Glass Darkly: Reflections on the Sacred. Sydney: Sydney University Press. pp. 265–274. ISBN 978-1-920898-54-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
Blain, Jenny; Wallis, Robert J. (2006). "Representing Spirit: Heathenry, New-Indigenes and the Imaged Past". In Ian Russell (ed.) (ed.). Images, Representations and Heritage: Moving Beyond Modern Approaches to Archaeology. Berlin: Springer. pp. 89–108. doi:10.1007/0-387-32216-7_4. ISBN 978-0-387-32216-2. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
Cusack, Carole M. (2013). "Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen: Medieval, Pagan, Modern". Relegere: Studies in Religion and Reception. 3 (1): 329–352. doi:10.11157/rsrr3-2-584.
Gardell, Mattias (2004). "White Racist Religions in the United States: From Christian Identity to Wolf Age Pagans". Controversial New Religions. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 387–422. doi:10.1093/019515682X.003.0018. ISBN 978-0-19-515682-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
Lindquist, Galina (1997). Shamanic Performances on the Urban Scene: Neo-Shamanism in Contemporary Sweden. Stockholm: Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology. ISBN 978-91-7153-691-4.
Strmiska, Michael F. (2002). "Asatru in Iceland". The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism. New York: Citadel Press. pp. 15–17. ISBN 978-0-8065-2406-1. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)

المصادر الرئيسية

Flowers, Stephen E. (2015). Icelandic Magic: Practical Secrets of the Northern Grimoires. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. ISBN 978-1-62055-405-0.
Gundarsson, Kveldulf (1993). Teutonic Religion: Folk Beliefs and Practices of the Northern Tradition. St Paul: Llewellyn Publications. ISBN 978-0-87542-260-2.
Jennings, Pete (1998). The Norse Tradition: A Beginner's Guide. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-72082-0.
Krasskova, Galina (2005). Exploring the Northern Tradition: A Guide to the Gods, Lore, Rites, and Celebrations from the Norse, German, and Anglo-Saxon Traditions. Wayne: New Page Books. ISBN 978-1-56414-791-2.
Krasskova, Galina; Kaldera, Raven (2009). Northern Tradition for the Solitary Practitioner: A Book of Prayer, Devotional Practice, and the Nine Worlds of Spirit. Pompton Plains: Career Press. ISBN 978-1-60163-034-6.
Lafayllve, Patricia M. (2013). A Practical Heathen's Guide to Asatru. St Paul: Llewellyn Publications. ISBN 978-0-7387-3387-6.
McNallen, Stephen (2015). Asatru: A Native European Spirituality. Nevada City: Runestone Press. ISBN 978-0-9720292-5-4.
Paxson, Diana L. (2007). Essential Asatru: Walking the Path of Norse Paganism. New York: Citadel Press. ISBN 978-0-8065-2708-6.
Thorsson, Edred (1984). Futhark: Handbook of Rune Magic. Newburyport, Massachusetts: Red Wheel/Weiser. ISBN 978-0-87728-548-9.

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Neopaganism

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