1709
► | قرن 17 | << قرن 18 >> | قرن 19 | ◄
► | عقد 1670 | عقد 1680 | عقد 1690 | << عقد 1700 >> | عقد 1710 | عقد 1720 | عقد 1730 | ◄
► | ► | 1704 | 1705 | 1706 | 1707 | 1708 | << 1709 >> | 1710 | 1711 | 1712 | 1713 | 1714 | ◄ | ◄
تحويل 1-1-1709م الى هجري (وصلة خارجية) | تحويل 31-12-1709م الى هجري (وصلة خارجية) | ابحث في الموسوعة عن مواضيع متعلقة بسنة 1709
الألفية: | الألفية 2 |
---|---|
القرون: | القرن 17 - القرن 18 - القرن 19 |
العقود: | عقد 1670 عقد 1680 عقد 1690 - عقد 1700 - عقد 1710 عقد 1720 عقد 1730 |
السنوات: | 1706 1707 1708 - 1709 - 1710 1711 1712 |
1709 حسب الموضوع: | |
الفنون والعلوم | |
الآثار – العمارة – الفن – الأدب (الشعر) – الموسيقى – العلوم | |
البلدان | |
مصر - سوريا | |
قوائم الزعماء | |
حكام المستعمرات – زعماء الدول | |
تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات | |
المواليد – الوفيات | |
تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
التأسيسات – الانحلالات | |
تصنيف الأعمال | |
الأعمال | |
التقويم الگريگوري | 1709 MDCCIX |
آب أوربه كونديتا | 2462 |
التقويم الأرمني | 1158 ԹՎ ՌՃԾԸ |
التقويم الآشوري | 6459 |
التقويم البهائي | −135 – −134 |
التقويم البنغالي | 1116 |
التقويم الأمازيغي | 2659 |
سنة العهد البريطاني | 7 Ann. 1 – 8 Ann. 1 |
التقويم البوذي | 2253 |
التقويم البورمي | 1071 |
التقويم البيزنطي | 7217–7218 |
التقويم الصيني | 戊子年 (التراب الفأر) 4405 أو 4345 — إلى — 己丑年 (التراب الثور) 4406 أو 4346 |
التقويم القبطي | 1425–1426 |
التقويم الديسكوردي | 2875 |
التقويم الإثيوپي | 1701–1702 |
التقويم العبري | 5469–5470 |
التقاويم الهندوسية | |
- ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1765–1766 |
- شاكا سامڤات | 1631–1632 |
- كالي يوگا | 4810–4811 |
تقويم الهولوسين | 11709 |
تقويم الإگبو | 709–710 |
التقويم الإيراني | 1087–1088 |
التقويم الهجري | 1120–1121 |
التقويم الياباني | Hōei 6 (宝永6年) |
تقويم جوچى | N/A |
التقويم اليوليوسي | الگريگوري ناقص 11 يوم |
التقويم الكوري | 4042 |
تقويم مينگوو | 203 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前203年 |
التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 2252 |
سنة 1709 (MDCCIX) كانت سنة بسيطة تبدأ يوم الثلاثاء (الرابط يعرض التقويم كاملاً) التقويم الگريگوري، السنة 1709 بعد الميلاد (م)، السنة 709 في الألفية 2، السنة 9 في القرن 18، والسنة 10 والأخيرة في عقد 1700 بين 1583 و 1929 ومع فارق 1709 is 11 يوم عن التقويم اليوليوسي، والذين ظلوا مستخدمين حتى التحول الكامل إلى التقويم الگريگوري في 1929. In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Friday، one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
أحداث
يناير-مارس
- 1 يناير - Battle of St. John's: The French capture St. John's، the capital of the British colony of Newfoundland.
- 6 يناير - Western Europe's Great Frost of 1709، the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, lasting three months, with its effects felt for the entire year.[1] In France, the Atlantic coast and Seine River freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters the بحر الشمال.
- 10 يناير - Abraham Darby I successfully produces cast iron using coke fuel at his Coalbrookdale blast furnace in Shropshire، England.[2][3][4]
- 1 أو 2 فبراير - During his first voyage, Captain Woodes Rogers encounters marooned privateer Alexander Selkirk، and rescues him after four years living on one of the Juan Fernández Islands، inspiring Daniel Defoe's novel Robinson Crusoe.[5][6] After sacking Guayaquil، he and Selkirk will visit the Galápagos Islands.[7]
- 19 فبراير - Tokugawa Ienobu becomes the sixth shōgun of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan، after the death of the shōgun Tsunayoshi، who had been head of government since 1680.
- فبراير - In America, Mardi Gras is celebrated one more time with Masque de la Mobile in the capital of French Louisiana، Mobile, Alabama، before Mobile is moved 27 miles (43 km) down the Mobile River to Mobile Bay in 1711.
- March 28 - Johann Friedrich Böttger reports the first production of hard-paste porcelain in Europe, at Dresden.
أبريل-يونيو
- April 13 - The Raudot Ordinance of 1709 becomes law in the French colony of New France، legalizing slavery.
- April 21 - Mirwais Hotak takes control of Kandahar (in Afghanistan) by murdering the Persian governor, Gurgin Khan، known also as George XI.
- 22 أبريل - put into liquidation after 1706, the French East India Company is taken over by a group of shipowners from Saint-Malo
- 6 مايو - The first influx into Britain of poor refugee families of German Palatines from the Rhenish Palatinate arrives in England.[8] Most of them are Protestants en route to the New World colonies.[9]
- June 17 - Trịnh Cương becomes the new king of northern Vietnam (Đàng Ngoài) upon the death of his grandfather, Trịnh Căn، and begins a 20-year reign until his death on December 20, 1729
- 18 يونيو - مدينة بييسك (روسيا) تتأسس.
- June 26 - The Battle of Fort Albany، an attack by 100 French colonial volunteers and Cree natives on the British Hudson's Bay Company outpost at Fort Albany on Hudson Bay. John Fullartine، commander of the post, leads a successful defense of the fort and 18 of the attackers are killed and then retreat. The site is now part of a Cree First Nation reserve in the Canadian province of Ontario.
- June 28 - A treaty is signed in Dresden to re-establish an alliance between the Kingdom of Denmark (including what is now Norway) and the Electorate of Saxony, on behalf of Denmark's King Frederik IV and Saxony's King Augustus II.
يوليو-ديسمبر
- 8 يوليو (27 يونيو Old Style; June 28 in the Swedish calendar) - Great Northern War: Battle of Poltava in the Cossack Hetmanate (Ukraine) - Peter the Great leads forces of the Tsardom of Russia to a decisive victory over Swedish forces under Charles XII، ending the Swedish invasion of Russia and effectively ending Sweden's role as a major power in Europe.
- July 9 - Christopher Slaughterford of London is executed in Guildford for the murder of Jane Young, his fiancée. He is the first person in modern England executed for murder based exclusively on circumstantial evidence، and he maintains his innocence to the last.
- July 13 - Production of Eau de Cologne is begun by perfumier Johann Maria Farina in Germany, founding Johann Maria Farina gegenüber dem Jülichs-Platz.
- July 26 - Reinhard Keiser's opera Desiderius, König der Langobarden is premiered in Hamburg.[10]
- July 27 - Japan's Emperor Higashiyama abdicates after a reign of 23 years that began in 1687, and is succeeded by his son Yoshihito, who is enthroned as the Emperor Nakamikado.
- July 30 - War of the Spanish Succession: Tournai is captured by John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy.[4]
- 8 أغسطس - The hot air balloon of Bartolomeu de Gusmão flies in Portugal.
- August 28 - Pamheiba is crowned King of Manipur.
- September 11 (August 31 Old Style) - War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Malplaquet - Troops of the Dutch Republic، Habsburg monarchy، the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Prussia، led by the Duke of Marlborough, drive the French from the field, but suffer twice as many casualties.[4]
- 6 أكتوبر في الهند - پاديشاه المغل بهادر شاه يعترف بـ أجيت سنغ بصفته راجا مروَر (جودپور)، وبذلك ضمن حياد الراجپوت.
- 9 أكتوبر - War of the Spanish Succession: The British army captures Mons.[11]
- 11 أكتوبر - معاهدة كوبنهاگن للاتحاد تـُوقـَّع بين روسيا والدنمارك، تتعهد فيه الدنمارك بشن حرب هجومية على السويد، لتسهيل عودة أغسطس الثاني إلى العرش الپولندي.
- 12 أكتوبر - Chihuahua City in Mexico is founded.
- نوفمبر - الدولة العثمانية تجدد معاهدة السلام مع روسيا.
- ديسمبر - نهاية حرب إمبوابا في البرازيل.
- 25 ديسمبر - From London, ten ships leave for the New York Colony carrying over 4,000 people.
- 26 ديسمبر - The first performance of the opera Agrippina by George Frideric Handel takes place at the Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo in Venice.[12]
مجهولة التاريخ
- هركولانيوم، an ancient town in Ercolano، Campania، Italy and buried under volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, is discovered by accident when attempts to drill a well for a monastery encountered marble and other materials.
- The first modern edition of William Shakespeare's plays is published in London، edited by Nicholas Rowe.
- The first piano is exhibited in Florence by its inventor Bartolomeo di Francesco Cristofori (1655-1731), who named it "gravicembalo col piano e forte", a name which was subsequently shortened to "pianoforte" and then "piano".
- A collapsible umbrella is introduced in Paris.[13]
- Trinity School is founded as the charity school of Trinity Church، في مدينة نيويورك.
- The second Eddystone Lighthouse، erected off the south west coast of England by John Rudyerd، is completed.[14]
- De Nostri Temporis Studiorum Ratione (On the Study Methods of Our Times) is published by Neapolitan philosopher Giambattista Vico.
- Priceless medieval altarpieces, created by Tyrolese sculptor Michael Pacher، are destroyed.
- Basil Lazarus III becomes Syriac Orthodox Maphrian of the East.[15]
- انتفاض قبيلة غلزاي الأفغانية، بقيادة كلنتر (عمدة) قندهار مير أويس. The Ghilzai massacred the Iranian garrison and killed the Shah's governor. فصل قندهار عن الدولة الصفوية.
- بدء تطوير ودائع القصدير في جزيرة باڠكا (بالقرب من الساحل الشرقي لـسومطرة ).
- Mwezi III. Ndagushimiye succeeds Ntare I Rushatsi as King of Burundi .
مواليد
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يناير-مارس
- 2 يناير - Teresia Constantia Phillips، British autobiographer (ت. 1765)
- 13 يناير - Mollie Sneden، operator of a ferry service at Palisades, New York in the United States (ت. 1810)
- 17 يناير
- Giovanni Ottavio Bufalini، Italian cardinal (ت. 1782)
- George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton (ت. 1773)
- Margaret Rolle, 15th Baroness Clinton (ت. 1781)
- January 24 - Dom Bédos de Celles، Benedictine monk and master pipe organ builder (ت. 1779)
- February 7 - Charles de Brosses French writer (ت. 1777)
- February 9 - George Venables-Vernon, 1st Baron Vernon، British politician (ت. 1780)
- February 11 - William Courtenay, 1st Viscount Courtenay (ت. 1762)
- February 12 - Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg، French physician (ت. 1799)
- February 16 - Henrika Juliana von Liewen، Swedish political salonnière (ت. 1779)
- February 24 - Jacques de Vaucanson، French inventor of mechanical automata (ت. 1782)
- February 27 - Timothy Woodbridge American missionary, deacon، schoolteacher, judge, Superintendent of Indian Affairs (ت. 1774)
- March 1 - William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland (ت. 1762)
- March 10
- James Bentham، English clergyman (ت. 1794)
- Georg Steller، German naturalist (ت. 1746)
- Georg Wilhelm Steller، German botanist (ت. 1746)
- March 14 - Sten Carl Bielke، scientist and member of the Swedish parliament (ت. 1753)
- March 17 - Nicolò Arrighetti، Italian professor of natural philosophy (ت. 1767)
- March 18 - Johannes Gessner، Swiss mathematician (ت. 1790)
- March 31 - Louis-Charles Le Vassor de La Touche، French naval general, governor of Martinique, governor general of the Windward Islands (ت. 1781)
أبريل-يونيو
- April 2 - Josiah Taft، farmer, local official, and Massachusetts legislator (ت. 1756)
- April 6 - Thomas Hopkinson، lawyer (ت. 1751)
- April 7 - William Stewart, 1st Earl of Blessington (ت. 1769)
- April 14 - Charles Collé، French dramatist and songwriter (ت. 1783)
- April 17 - Giovanni Domenico Maraldi، Italian-born astronomer (ت. 1788)
- April 25
- Carl Johan Cronstedt، Swedish architect (ت. 1779)
- Robert Grace، American manufacturer of stoves and furnaces (ت. 1766)
- April 27 - Sir Francis Blake, 1st Baronet, of Twizell Castle (ت. 1780)
- April 30 - Christian Gottlieb Ludwig، German physician and botanist born in Brieg (ت. 1773)
- May 1 - Joachim Wasserschlebe، German-Danish diplomat (ت. 1787)
- May 9 - Mihály Salbeck، doctor of philosophy, priest of the Society of Jesus, and teacher (ت. 1758)
- May 24 - Théodore Tronchin، Genevan physician (ت. 1781)
- May 27 - Margaret Lloyd، Welsh Moravian worker and activist (ت. 1762)
- June 4 - Tomás Sánchez، veteran Spanish captain who founded Laredo (ت. 1796)
- June 9
- Nathaniel Booth، English peer who served as Chairman of Committees in the House of Lords from 1765 (ت. 1770)
- Francis Towneley، English Catholic and supporter of the exiled House of Stuart or Jacobite (ت. 1746)
- June 11 - Joachim Martin Falbe، German portrait painter (ت. 1782)
- June 15 - Louis, Count of Clermont (ت. 1771)
- June 28 - Nathan Tupper، farmer (ت. 1784)
يوليو-سبتمبر
- July 4 - Antonio Orgiazzi il Vecchio، Italian painter active mainly in the Valselsia (ت. 1788)
- July 5 - Étienne de Silhouette، French Ancien Régime Controller-General of Finances under Louis XV (ت. 1767)
- July 10 - William Berners، English property developer and slave owner (ت. 1783)
- July 11 - Johan Gottschalk Wallerius، Swedish chemist and mineralogist (ت. 1785)
- July 15 - Antoine Matthieu Le Carpentier، French architect (ت. 1773)
- July 17
- Giovanni Carlo Bandi، Italian Cardinal who served as Bishop of Imola (ت. 1784)
- Friedrich Christian Baumeister، German philosopher (ت. 1785)
- Giuseppe Antonio Luchi، Italian painter (ت. 1774)
- July 24 - James Harris، grammarian (ت. 1780)
- August 8
- Hermann Anton Gelinek، German monk and musician (ت. 1779)
- Johann Georg Gmelin، German naturalist (ت. 1755)
- Tokugawa Ietsugu، seventh shōgun of the Tokugawa dynasty (ت. 1716)
- August 10 - Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan، French man of letters and erudition (ت. 1784)
- August 13 - William Clavering-Cowper, 2nd Earl Cowper، British noble (ت. 1764)
- August 16
- Ludvig Harboe، Danish theologian and bishop (ت. 1783)
- John Eardley Wilmot، English judge, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas (1766–1771) (ت. 1792)
- August 18 - John Storr، officer of the Royal Navy (ت. 1783)
- August 21 - Frederick Henry, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (ت. 1788)
- August 26 - Guillaume Repin، French priest and martyr (ت. 1794)
- August 29 - Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gresset، French poet and dramatist (ت. 1777)
- August 30 - Frobenius Forster، German Benedictine (ت. 1791)
- September 5 - Rudolf Füssli، Swiss painter (ت. 1793)
- September 10 - Hachisuka Munekazu، Japanese daimyō of the Edo period (ت. 1735)
- September 12 - Charles Somerset, 4th Duke of Beaufort (ت. 1756)
- September 17 - Jagat Singh II، Maharana of Mewar Kingdom (ت. 1751)
- September 18 - Samuel Johnson، English poet, biographer, essayist, and lexicographer (ت. 1784)
- September 29 - Joseph Gerrish، soldier (ت. 1774)
أكتوبر-ديسمبر
- 5 أكتوبر
- Peter Applebye، British-Danish industrialist (ت. 1774)
- Ludovico Stern، Italian painter of the Rococo or late-Baroque period (ت. 1777)
- October 6 - Edward Kynaston، British landowner and Tory MP (ت. 1772)
- October 9
- Jean-Baptiste de Belloy، Archbishop of Paris and cardinal of the Catholic Church (ت. 1808)
- John Clayton، English clergyman (ت. 1773)
- October 12 - Lord Anne Hamilton، Scottish nobleman (ت. 1748)
- October 13 - John Cole, 1st Baron Mountflorence، Irish peer and politician (ت. 1767)
- October 16 - Johann Daniel Ritter، German historian (ت. 1775)
- October 17 - Jean-Gabriel Berbudeau، French-born surgeon who spent time practicing medicine in eastern Canada (ت. 1792)
- October 19 - Sewallis Shirley، British Member of Parliament in the reign of George II (ت. 1765)
- October 25
- Georg Gebel، German musician and composer (ت. 1753)
- Jan Wagenaar، Dutch historian (ت. 1773)
- November 1 - Ignatius von Weitenauer، German Jesuit writer (ت. 1783)
- November 2 - Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange، Hanoverian-born regent of Friesland (ت. 1759)
- November 6 - Christopher Marshall، leader in the American Revolution (ت. 1797)
- November 15 - Dirk Klinkenberg، mathematician, amateur astronomer, secretary of the Dutch government for 40 years (ت. 1799)
- November 18 - Henry Loftus, 1st Earl of Ely (ت. 1783)
- November 22 - Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem، German Lutheran theologian during the Age of Enlightenment (ت. 1789)
- December 1 - Franz Xaver Richter، Austro-Moravian singer, violinist, composer, conductor and music theoretician (ت. 1789)
- December 9 - Pierre II Surette، art of the Acadian and Wabanaki Confederacy resistance against the British Empire in Acadia (ت. 1789)
- 14 ديسمبر
- Caspar Friedrich Hachenberg، rector of the Latin school of Wageningen, The Netherlands, and writer of Greek and Latin grammars (ت. 1793)
- Charles Lawrence، British military officer who (ت. 1760)
- December 18 - Elizabeth of Russia، empress regnant of Russia (ت. 1762)
- December 21
- Charles Frederick، MP (ت. 1785)
- Arnaud-François Lefèbvre، Apostolic Vicar of Cochin (ت. 1760)
- 24 ديسمبر - Johann Evangelist Holzer، Austrian-German painter (ت. 1740)
وفيات
- 20 يناير - François de la Chaise، French confessor of Louis XIV of France (و. 1624)
- January 22 - Henry Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Chirbury، English politician (و. 1654)
- January 24 - George Rooke، English admiral (و. 1650)
- January 26 - Eleonore Charlotte of Saxe-Lauenburg-Franzhagen، Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Franzhagen (و. 1646)
- February 8 - Giuseppe Torelli، Italian composer (و. 1658)
- February 9 - François Louis, Prince of Conti، French general (و. 1664)
- February 11 - Louise Hollandine of the Palatinate، German artist (و. 1622)
- February 17 - Erik Benzelius the Elder، Swedish theologian (و. 1632)
- February 19 - Tokugawa Tsunayoshi، Japanese shōgun (و. 1646)
- March 9 - Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu، English diplomat
- March 21 - Burchard de Volder، Dutch mathematician (و. 1643)
- April 1 - Henri Jules, Prince of Condé (و. 1643)
- April 2 - Giovanni Battista Gaulli، Italian artist working in the High Baroque and early Rococo periods (و. 1639)
- April 5 - Roger de Piles، French painter (و. 1635)
- April 8 - Wolfgang Dietrich of Castell-Remlingen، German nobleman (و. 1641)
- April 20 - Johann Ernst von Thun، Tyrolean Catholic bishop (و. 1643)
- April 21
- Gurgin Khan (George XI of Kartli)، Persian Governor of Kandahar (و. 1651)
- Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano، Prince of Savoy (و. 1628)
- June 25 - Frederick VII, Margrave of Baden-Durlach from 1677 until his death (و. 1647)
- June 29 - Antoine Thomas، Belgian Jesuit astronomer in China (و. 1644)
- June 30 - Edward Lhuyd، Welsh scientist (و. 1660)
- July 17 - Robert Bolling، English settler in Virginia (و. 1646)
- August 24 - Elisabeth Dorothea of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg، German princess (و. 1640)
- August 31 - Andrea Pozzo، Jesuit Brother, architect and painter (و. 1642)
- September 4 - Jean-François Regnard، French comic poet (و. 1655)
- September 7 - Gunno Dahlstierna، Swedish poet (و. 1661)
- September 14 - Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero، Spanish cardinal and archbishop of Toledo (و. 1635)
- October 2 - Ivan Mazepa، Hetman of Ukraine (و. 1639)
- October 5 - Daniel Speer، German Baroque composer and writer (و. 1636)
- October 9 - Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland، English mistress of Charles II of England (و. 1640)
- October 31 - Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon، English nobleman (و. 1638)
- November 4 - Barend Graat، Dutch painter (و. 1628)
- November 23 - William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland (و. 1649)
- November 29 - Charles Dormer, 2nd Earl of Carnarvon، English noble (و. 1632)
- December 1 - Abraham a Sancta Clara، Austrian preacher (و. 1644)
- December 7 - Meindert Hobbema، Dutch painter (و. 1638)
- December 8 - Thomas Corneille، French dramatist (و. 1625)[16]
- December 15 - Sir Stephen Lennard, 2nd Baronet، English politician (و. 1637)
- 31 ديسمبر
- Pierre Cally، French philosopher and theologian (و. 1630)
- Sir Thomas Littleton, 3rd Baronet، English statesman (و. 1647)
- مجهولة التاريخ - John Coode، Colonial governor of Maryland (ت. 1648)
- تاريخ محتمل - Eleanor Glanville، English عالم حشرات (و. 1654)
المراجع
- ^ Pain, Stephanie. "1709: The year that Europe froze." New Scientist, 7 February 2009.
- ^ Mott, R. A. (5 January 1957). "The earliest use of coke for ironmaking". The Gas World, Coking Section Supplement. 145: 7–18.
- ^ Raistrick, Arthur (1953). Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale. London: Longmans, Green. p. 34.
- ^ أ ب ت Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 292. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
- ^ Ober, Frederick A. (1912). Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea. New York: James Pott & Company. p. 11.
- ^ Jackson, Michael H. (1993). Galapagos: a Natural History. University of Calgary Press. ISBN 1-895176-07-7.
- ^ John Tribbeko and George Ruperti, Lists of Germans from the Palatinate Who Came to England in 1709 (Clearfield, 1965) p.5
- ^ Gardiner, Juliet (1995). Wenborn, Neil (ed.). The History Today Companion to British History. London: Collins & Brown. p. 577. ISBN 1-85585-178-4.
- ^ Griffel, Margaret Ross (2018). Operas in German: A Dictionary. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-4422-4797-0.
- ^ Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 207–208. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
- ^ Dean, Winton; and J. Merrill Knapp (1995), Handel's Operas, 1704–1726 (Revised edition). p. 128. Clarendon Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-816441-6.
- ^ "The History of Umbrellas". Oakthrift Corporation. Archived from the original on 2013-09-02. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
- ^ Majdalany, Fred (1959). The Red Rocks of Eddystone. London: Longmans. p. 86.
- ^ Wilmshurst, David (2019). "West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians". In Daniel King (ed.). The Syriac World. Routledge. p. 812.
- ^ "Thomas Corneille | French dramatist | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 10 March 2022.