معدل الذكاء وعدم المساواة العالمية
معدل الذكاء والعالمية وعدم المساواة العالمية كتاب الدكتور ريتشارد لين 2006 الأستاذ الفخري لعلم النفس في جامعة أولستر في أيرلندا الشمالية والدكتور فانهانين الأستاذ الفخري في العلوم السياسية في جامعة تامبيري معدل الذكاء والعالمية لعدم المساواة هو متابعة لكتاب 2002 معدل الذكاء
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معدل الذكاء الوطني والتنمية الاقتصادية
مؤشر جودة الأحوال البشرية
The quality of human conditions (QHC) index was computed from five variables.
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Values of the index range from 10.7 (Burkina Faso) to 89 (Norway). Lynn and Vanhanen write that they would have preferred to include a sixth measure, an indicator of income inequality, but that statistical data for that variable was not available for all countries. They write that the QHC index differs significantly from other widely used indexes (such as the Human Development Index) in that QHC also measures democratization. Some of their claims have been received support in a 2007 study by Rindermann.[1]
All countries | Estimate IQ (79 countries) |
Total (192 countries) | |
---|---|---|---|
QHC | 0.805 | 0.725 | 0.791 |
PPP GNI per capita 2002 | 0.693 | 0.342 | 0.616 |
Adult literacy rate 2002 | 0.642 | 0.655 | 0.655 |
Tertiary enrollment ratio | 0.746 | 0.699 | 0.745 |
Life expectancy at birth 2002 | 0.765 | 0.690 | 0.750 |
Index of Democratization 2002 | 0.569 | 0.322 | 0.530 |
Excluding smallest countries | Calculated IQ (98 countries) |
Estimate IQ (62 countries) |
Total (160 countries) |
QHC | 0.846 | 0.800 | 0.839 |
PPP GNI per capita 2002 | 0.739 | 0.266 | 0.649 |
Adult literacy rate 2002 | 0.710 | 0.746 | 0.733 |
Tertiary enrollment ratio | 0.778 | 0.734 | 0.780 |
Life expectancy at birth 2002 | 0.833 | 0.753 | 0.817 |
Index of Democratization 2002 | 0.598 | 0.408 | 0.584 |
غير ذلك من التدابير على الصعيد العالمي وعدم المساواة
The relationship of national IQ to twelve other measures of global inequality were examined.
All twelve measures of global inequality are significantly correlated with the QHC index. According to the book, eleven of the twelve measures are significantly correlated with national IQ. The measures of human happiness and life satisfaction are not significantly correlated with national IQ. |
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خط العرض ودرجة الحرارة
ارتباط | خط العرض | درجة الحرارة |
---|---|---|
Degrees latitude | 1 | -0.885 |
Annual mean temperature | -0.885 | 1 |
National IQ | 0.677 | -0.632 |
QHC | 0.659 | -0.562 |
PPP GNI per capita 2002 | 0.528 | -0.407 |
Adult literacy rate 2002 | 0.482 | -0.467 |
Tertiary enrollment ratio | 0.718 | -0.649 |
Life expectancy at birth 2002 | 0.505 | -0.379 |
Index of Democratization 2002 | 0.512 | -0.460 |
معدل الذكاء الوطنية والقيم
البلد/المنطقة | IQ (2002)[2] | IQ (2006)[3] | PPP-GNI per capita 2002[3] | QHC[3] |
---|---|---|---|---|
هونگ كونگ | 107 | 108 | 27,490 | 60.8 |
سنغافورة | 103 | 108 | 23,730 | 60.7 |
كوريا الشمالية | 105* | 106* | 1,000 | 38 |
كوريا الجنوبية | 106 | 106 | 16,960 | 75.4 |
اليابان | 105 | 105 | 27,380 | 71.4 |
الصين | 100 | 105 | 4,520 | 39.7 |
تايوان | 104 | 105 | 23,400 | 79.4 |
إيطاليا | 102 | 102 | 26,170 | 78.9 |
آيسلندا | 98* | 101 | 29,240 | 80 |
منغوليا | 98* | 101* | 1,710 | 48.1 |
سويسرا | 101 | 101 | 31,840 | 82.2 |
النمسا | 102 | 100 | 28,910 | 80.7 |
لوكسمبورگ | 101* | 100* | 53,230 | 76.4 |
هولندا | 102 | 100 | 28,350 | 82.8 |
النرويج | 98 | 100 | 36,690 | 89 |
المملكة المتحدة | 100 | 100 | 26,580 | 76.7 |
بلجيكا | 100 | 99 | 28,130 | 84.1 |
كندا | 97 | 99 | 28,930 | 77.8 |
إستونيا | 97* | 99 | 11,630 | 64.5 |
فنلندا | 97 | 99 | 26,160 | 85.1 |
ألمانيا | 102 | 99 | 26,980 | 78 |
نيوزيلندا | 100 | 99 | 20,550 | 76.2 |
پولندا | 99 | 99 | 10,450 | 62.7 |
السويد | 101 | 99 | 25,820 | 82.9 |
أندورا | N/A | 98* | 19,000 | 58.7 |
أستراليا | 98 | 98 | 27,440 | 82.8 |
التشيك | 97 | 98 | 14,920 | 64.5 |
الدنمارك | 98 | 98 | 30,600 | 85.4 |
فرنسا | 98 | 98 | 27,040 | 78.1 |
المجر | 99 | 98 | 13,070 | 64.1 |
لاتڤيا | 97* | 98* | 9,190 | 65.5 |
إسپانيا | 97 | 98 | 21,910 | 75.8 |
الولايات المتحدة | 98 | 98 | 36,120 | 86.6 |
بلاروس | 96* | 97* | 5,500 | 57.2 |
مالطا | 95* | 97 | 17,710 | 66.4 |
روسيا | 96 | 97 | 8,080 | 64.5 |
أوكرانيا | 96* | 97* | 4,800 | 61.8 |
مولدوڤا | 95* | 96* | 1,600 | 46.2 |
سلوڤاكيا | 96 | 96 | 12,590 | 63.2 |
أوروگواي | 96 | 96 | 7,710 | 64 |
إسرائيل | 94 | 95 | 19,000 | 75.3 |
الپرتغال | 95 | 95 | 17,820 | 67 |
أرمنيا | 93* | 94* | 3,230 | 50.2 |
جورجيا | 93* | 94* | 2,270 | 51.2 |
قزخستان | 93* | 94* | 5,630 | 49 |
رومانيا | 94 | 94 | 6,490 | 53 |
ڤيتنام | 96* | 94 | 2,300 | 39.5 |
الأرجنتين | 96 | 93 | 10,190 | 64.7 |
بلغاريا | 93 | 93 | 7,030 | 59.1 |
اليونان | 92 | 92 | 18,770 | 76.1 |
ماليزيا | 92 | 92 | 29,570 | 78.5 |
أيرلندا | 93 | 92 | 8,500 | 52.1 |
بروناي | 92* | 91* | 19,210 | 50.8 |
كمبوديا | 89* | 91* | 1,970 | 28.6 |
قبرص | 92* | 91* | 18,650 | 67.6 |
لتوانيا | 97* | 91 | 10,190 | 65.4 |
جمهورية مقدونيا | 93* | 91* | 6,420 | 54.4 |
تايلند | 91 | 91 | 6,890 | 50.3 |
ألبانيا | 90* | 90* | 4,960 | 51.2 |
برمودا | N/A | 90 | 36,000 | 75.8 |
البوسنة والهرسك | N/A | 90* | 5,800 | 51.4 |
تشيلي | 93* | 90 | 9,420 | 59.5 |
كرواتيا | 90 | 90 | 10,000 | 61.7 |
قيرغيزستان | 87* | 90* | 1,560 | 48.1 |
تركيا | 90 | 90 | 6,300 | 50.2 |
المكسيك | 87 | 90 | 12,500 | 52.9 |
جزر كوك | N/A | 89 | 5,000 | 45.7 |
كوستاريكا | 91* | 89* | 8,650 | 53.7 |
لاوس | 89* | 89 | 1,660 | 24.9 |
موريشيوس | 81* | 89 | 10,820 | 52.2 |
سورينام | 89 | 89 | 6,590 | 50.6 |
الإكوادور | 80 | 88 | 3,340 | 47.4 |
ساموا | 87 | 88 | 5,570 | 49.7 |
أذربيجان | 87* | 87* | 3,010 | 47.2 |
بوليڤيا | 85* | 87 | 2,390 | 49.7 |
البرازيل | 87 | 87 | 7,450 | 51.1 |
تيمور الشرقية | N/A | 87* | 3,940 | 46.7 |
گويانا | 84* | 87* | 3,070 | 40.2 |
إندونيسيا | 89 | 87 | 1,600 | 28.1 |
العراق | 87 | 87 | 1,027 | 30.7 |
ميانمار | 86* | 87* | 930 | 42.4 |
طاجيكستان | 87* | 87* | 1,640 | 27.5 |
تركمنستان | 87* | 87* | 4,780 | 41.7 |
اوزبكستان | 87* | 87* | 1,640 | 39.4 |
الكويت | 83* | 86 | 17,780 | 49.9 |
الفلپين | 86 | 86 | 4,450 | 51.6 |
سيشل | 81* | 86* | 18,232 | 60.6 |
تونگا | 87 | 86 | 6,820 | 40.5 |
كوبا | 85 | 85 | 5,259 | 46.2 |
فيجي | 84 | 85 | 5,330 | 51.9 |
كيريباس | 84* | 85* | 800 | 37.1 |
كاليدونيا الجديدة | N/A | 85 | 21,960 | 54.9 |
پيرو | 90 | 85 | 4,880 | 49.2 |
ترنيداد وتوباگو | 80* | 85* | 9,000 | 52 |
اليمن | 83* | 85 | 800 | 24.5 |
أفغانستان | 83* | 84* | 700 | 13.2 |
بليز | 83* | 84* | 15,960 | 56.1 |
كولومبيا | 88 | 84 | 5,490 | 44.2 |
ميكرونزيا | 84* | 84* | 6,150 | 48.4 |
إيران | 84 | 84 | 6,690 | 40.2 |
الأردن | 87* | 84 | 4,180 | 43.4 |
جزر مارشال | 84 | 84 | 1,600 | 44.2 |
المغرب | 85 | 84 | 2,000 | 39.9 |
پاكستان | 81* | 84 | 3,730 | 31.7 |
پنما | 84* | 84* | 1,960 | 26.2 |
پاراگواي | 85* | 84 | 6,060 | 56.6 |
پورتو ريكو | 84 | 84 | 4,590 | 45.2 |
السعودية | 83* | 84* | 15,800 | 63.6 |
جزر سولومون | 84* | 84* | 12,660 | 44.1 |
البهاماز | 78* | 84* | 1,590 | 41.5 |
الإمارات العربية المتحدة | 83* | 84* | 24,030 | 48.8 |
ڤانواتو | 84* | 84* | 2,850 | 31.4 |
ڤنزويلا | 88* | 84 | 5,220 | 47.4 |
الجزائر | 84* | 83* | 5,530 | 39.9 |
البحرين | 83* | 83* | 16,190 | 49.3 |
ليبيا | 84* | 83* | 7,570 | 49.3 |
عُمان | 83* | 83* | 13,000 | 40.6 |
پاپوا غينيا الجديدة | 84* | 83 | 2,180 | 38.4 |
سوريا | 87* | 83 | 5,348 | 38.9 |
تونس | 84* | 83* | 6,440 | 40.6 |
بنگلادش | 81* | 82* | 1,720 | 29.8 |
جمهورية الدومنيكان | 84* | 82 | 6,270 | 46.8 |
الهند | 81 | 82 | 2,650 | 36.3 |
لبنان | 86 | 82 | 4,600 | 55.8 |
مدغشقر | 79* | 82 | 730 | 28.6 |
مصر | 83 | 81 | 3,810 | 37.3 |
هندوراس | 84* | 81 | 2,540 | 41.9 |
المالديڤ | 81* | 81* | 4,798 | 38.5 |
نيكاراگوا | 84* | 81* | 2,350 | 41.3 |
جزر ماريانا الشمالية | N/A | 81 | 12,500 | 51.3 |
بربادوس | 78 | 80 | 14,660 | 60.9 |
بوتان | 78* | 80* | 1,969 | 24.1 |
السلڤادور | 84* | 80* | 4,790 | 42.6 |
گواتيمالا | 79 | 79 | 4,040 | 34.6 |
سريلانكا | 81* | 79 | 3,510 | 47.7 |
نيپال | 78 | 78 | 1,370 | 26.9 |
قطر | 78 | 78 | 19,844 | 45.6 |
جزر القمر | 79* | 77* | 1,640 | 24.6 |
الرأس الأخضر | 78* | 76* | 4,920 | 40.5 |
موريتانيا | 73* | 76* | 1,790 | 20.5 |
أوغندا | 73 | 73 | 1,360 | 25.4 |
كنيا | 72 | 72 | 1,010 | 27.3 |
جنوب أفريقيا | 72 | 72 | 9,810 | 38.3 |
تنزانيا | 72 | 72 | 580 | 23.2 |
غانا | 71 | 71 | 2,080 | 33.7 |
گرينادا | 75* | 71* | 6,600 | 45.3 |
جامايكا | 72 | 71 | 3,680 | 46.5 |
سانت ڤنسنت والگرنادينز | 75* | 71 | 5,190 | 48.4 |
السودان | 72 | 71 | 1,740 | 24.6 |
زامبيا | 77 | 71 | 800 | 21.8 |
أنتيگا وبربودا | 75* | 70* | 10,390 | 53.2 |
بنين | 69* | 70* | 1,060 | 20.5 |
بتسوانا | 72* | 70* | 7,740 | 29.4 |
ناميبيا | 72* | 70* | 6,880 | 31.1 |
رواندا | 70* | 70* | 1,260 | 18.5 |
توگو | 69* | 70* | 1,450 | 26 |
بوروندي | 70* | 69* | 630 | 15.2 |
ساحل العاج | 71* | 69* | 1,450 | 18.1 |
ملاوي | 71* | 69* | 570 | 24.3 |
مالي | 68* | 69* | 840 | 13.4 |
النيجر | 67* | 69* | 800 | 13.5 |
نيجريا | 67 | 69 | 800 | 27.3 |
أنگولا | 69* | 68* | 1,840 | 13.7 |
بوركينا فاسو | 66* | 68* | 1,090 | 10.7 |
تشاد | 72* | 68* | 1,010 | 20.4 |
جيبوتي | 68* | 68* | 2,040 | 22 |
إرتريا | 68* | 68* | 1,040 | 21.4 |
الصومال | 68* | 68* | 500 | 15.2 |
سوازيلاند | 72* | 68* | 4,730 | 22.2 |
دومنيكا | 75* | 67 | 4,960 | 48.8 |
غينيا | 63 | 67 | 2,060 | 22.5 |
غينيا-بيساو | 63* | 67* | 680 | 20.3 |
هايتي | 72* | 67* | 1,610 | 20.4 |
لسوتو | 72* | 67* | 2,970 | 24.3 |
ليبريا | 64* | 67* | 1,000 | 21.2 |
سانت كيتس ونڤيس | 75* | 67* | 10,750 | 45.5 |
ساو تومه وپرنسيپه | 59* | 67* | 1,317 | 37.9 |
السنغال | 64* | 66* | 1,660 | 20.7 |
گامبيا | 64* | 66* | 1,540 | 21.3 |
زيمبابوي | 66 | 66 | 2,180 | 25.2 |
الكونغو | 73 | 65 | 630 | 17.9 |
الكاميرون | 70* | 64 | 1,910 | 23.1 |
جمهورية أفريقيا الوسطى | 68* | 64 | 1,170 | 19.1 |
الكونغو الديمقراطية | 65 | 64 | 700 | 26.9 |
إثيوپيا | 63 | 64 | 780 | 16.7 |
الگابون | 66* | 64* | 5,530 | 32.2 |
موزمبيق | 72* | 64 | 990 | 18 |
سيراليون | 64 | 64 | 500 | 13.8 |
سانت لوشيا | 75* | 62 | 4,950 | 51.1 |
غينيا الإستوائية | 59 | 59 | 9,100 | 30.4 |
"*" Denotes estimated National IQ
PPP-GNI = purchasing power parity gross national income. QHC = is a composite index called quality of human conditions. |
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نقد
Hunt and Wittmann (2008) write of Lynn’s IQ data:
The majority of the data points were based upon convenience rather than representative samples. Some points were not even based on residents of the country. For instance, the “data point for Suriname was based on tests given to Surinamese who had migrated to the Netherlands, and the “data point” for Ethiopia was based on the IQ scores of a highly selected group that had emigrated to Israel and, for cultural and historical reasons was hardly representative of the Ethiopian population. The data point for Mexico was based on a weighted averaging of the results of a study of “Native American and Mestizo children in Southern Mexico” with result of a study of residents of الأرجنتين [4].
Upon reading the original reference, they found that the “data point” that Lynn and Vanhanen used for the lowest IQ estimate, Equatorial Guinea, was actually the mean IQ of a group of Spanish children in a home for the developmentally disabled in Spain. Corrections were applied to adjust for differences in IQ cohorts (the “Flynn” effect) on the assumption that the same correction could be applied internationally, without regard to the cultural or economic development level of the country involved. While there appears to be rather little evidence on cohort effect upon IQ across the developing countries, one study in Kenya (Daley, Whaley, Sigman, Espinosa, & Neumann, 2003) shows a substantially larger cohort effect than is reported for developed countries (p.?) [5]
Crawford-Nutt (1976) found that African black students enrolled in westernized schools scored higher on progressive matrix tests than did American white students. The study was meant to examine perceptual/cultural differences between groups, and demonstrated that one’s performance on western standardized tests correspond more closely with the quality and style of schooling that one receives more so than other factors [6]. Buj (1981) showed Ghanaian adults to score higher on a supposedly ‘culture fair’ IQ test than did Irish adults; scores were 80 (Ghanaian) and 78 (Irish), respectively [7]. Shuttleworth-Edwards et al. (2004) conducted a study with black South Africans between the ages of 19–30, where highly significant effects for both level and quality of education within groups whose first language was an indigenous black African language, was revealed. Black African first language groups (as well as white English speaking groups) with advantaged education were comparable with the US standardization in IQ test scores (e.g. WAIS-III)[8].
انظر أيضاً
ناشري كتب
Theories of Race and Intelligence:
- Cattell Culture Fair III
- Evolution of human intelligence
- Flynn effect
- Fluid and crystallized intelligence
- General intelligence factor
- Gini coefficient
- Hominid intelligence
- Intelligence and public policy
- Race and intelligence
مطبوعات عن الذكاء:
- IQ and the Wealth of Nations
- IQ and Global Inequality
- The Mismeasure of Man
- Race Differences in Intelligence
نظريات روابط:
وصلات خارجية
- Lynns posting of a favorable review that characterizes the 006 work as a reply to criticisms of their earlier results
- A site critical of Lynn;s claims
- National IQ means, calibrated on the basis of PISA scores and transformed from educational attainment
المصادر
- ^ Rindermann, Heiner: The g-factor of international cognitive ability comparisons: the homogeneity of results in PISA, TIMSS, PIRLS and IQ-tests across nations. European Journal of Personality 21 (2007) 667-706 [1]
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةIQWN
- ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةIQGI
- ^ Hunt, E. & Wittmann, W. (2008). National intelligence and prosperity. Intelligence. Vol. 36, 1, January-February pp. 1-9.
- ^ Hunt, E. & Wittmann, W. (2008). National intelligence and prosperity. Intelligence. Vol. 36, 1, January-February pp. 1-9.
- ^ Crawford-Nutt. D. (1976). Are black scores on Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices an artifact of method of test presentation? Psychologia Africana, 16, 201-206
- ^ Buj, V. (1981). "Average IQ values in various European countries." Personality and Individual Differences, 2:168-169
- ^ Shuttleworth-Edwards A., Kemp R., Rust A., Muirhead J., Hartman N., Radloff S. (2004). Cross-cultural Effects on IQ Test Performance: A Review and Preliminary Normative Indications on WAIS-III Test Performance. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (Neuropsychology, Developm, Volume 26, Number 7, October 2004 , pp. 903-920(18)