قيصريون

قيصريون
Caesarion
فرعون مصر
Caesarion.jpg
Caesarion, from the "Unravel the Mystery" Cleopatra exhibit
العهد2 سبتمبر 47 ق.م. – 12 أغسطس 30 ق.م.
مع كليوپاترا السابعة
سبقهكليوپاترا السابعة فيلوپاتور
تبعهأغسطس قيصر (كامبراطور روماني)
وُلِد23 يونيو 47 ق.م.
توفي23 أغسطس 30 ق.م.؟ (عمره 17)
اليونانيةΠτολεμαῖος ΙΕʹ Φιλοπάτωρ Φιλομήτωρ Καῖσαρ, Καισαρίων
TransliterationPtolemaĩos Philopátōr Philomḗtōr Kaĩsar, Kaisaríōn
البيتاليوليو-كلاودية
الأسرة المالكةالبطلمية
الأبيوليوس قيصر
الأمكليوپاترا السابعة فيلوپاتور

بطليموس الخامس عشر[1] فيلوپاتر فيلومتور قيصر Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar, وكنيته قيصريون Caesarion (قيصر الصغير) باليونانية: Πτολεμαίος ΙΕ' Φιλοπάτωρ Φιλομήτωρ Καίσαρ، Καισαρίων (23 يونيو، 47 ق.م. - أغسطس، 30 ق.م.) كان آخر ملك من الأسرة البطلمية بمصر، وقد حكم، كطفل، بالمشاركة مع أمه كليوپاترا السابعة مصر من 2 سبتمبر 44 ق.م. إلى أغسطس، 30 ق.م.، عندما قتله اوكتاڤيان، الذي أصبح لاحقاً الإمبراطور الروماني أغسطس.

وكأكبر أبناء كليوپاترا السابعة، اُعتـُبـِر (وهذا في الغالب صحيح، لوجود أدلة) ابناً ليوليوس قيصر، وقد سـُمـّي على اسمه.


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وصفه

Left: reliefs of Cleopatra and Caesarion at the Temple of Dendera Right: a limestone stela of the High Priest of Ptah bearing the cartouches of Cleopatra and Caesarion, Egypt, Ptolemaic Period, the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London Left: reliefs of Cleopatra and Caesarion at the Temple of Dendera Right: a limestone stela of the High Priest of Ptah bearing the cartouches of Cleopatra and Caesarion, Egypt, Ptolemaic Period, the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
Left: reliefs of Cleopatra and Caesarion at the Temple of Dendera
Right: a limestone stela of the High Priest of Ptah bearing the cartouches of Cleopatra and Caesarion, Egypt, Ptolemaic Period, the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London

Caesarion was born in Egypt on 23 June 47 BC. His mother Cleopatra insisted that he was the son of Roman politician and dictator Julius Caesar, and while he was said to have inherited Caesar's looks and manner, Caesar did not officially acknowledge him. One of Caesar's supporters, Gaius Oppius, even wrote a pamphlet which attempted to prove that Caesar could not have fathered Caesarion. Nevertheless, Caesar may have allowed Caesarion to use his name.[2] The matter became contentious when Caesar's adopted son, Octavian, came into conflict with Cleopatra.

In some medical literature, Caesarion is said to have suffered from epilepsy, a neurological condition apparently inherited from his father.[3] This thesis has been disputed by paleopathologist Francesco M. Galassi and surgeon Hutan Ashrafian, who have argued that the first mention of potential epileptic attacks can only be found in 20th-century novels, instead of ancient primary sources. Additionally, they claimed that this controversial assumption had been mistakenly used in the historico-medical debate on Julius Caesar's alleged epilepsy to strengthen the notion that the dictator really suffered from that disease.[4]

Caesarion spent two of his infant years, from 46 to 44 BC, in Rome, where he and his mother were Caesar's guests at his villa, Horti Caesaris. Cleopatra hoped that her son would eventually succeed his father as the head of the Roman Republic, as well as of Egypt. After Caesar's assassination on 15 March 44 BC, Cleopatra and Caesarion returned to Egypt. Caesarion was named co-ruler by his mother on 2 September 44 BC at the age of three, although he was pharaoh in name only, with Cleopatra keeping actual authority. Cleopatra compared her relationship to her son with that of the Egyptian goddess Isis and her divine child Horus.[2]

There is no historical record of Caesarion between 44 BC until the Donations of Antioch in 36 BC. Two years later he also appears at the Donations of Alexandria. Cleopatra and Antony staged both "Donations" to donate lands dominated by Rome and Parthia to Cleopatra's children: Caesarion, the twins Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene II, and Ptolemy Philadelphus (the latter were his three maternal half-siblings fathered by Mark Antony). Octavian gave public approval to the Donations of Antioch in 36 BC, which have been described as an Antonian strategy to rule the East making use of Cleopatra's unique royal Seleucid lineage in the regions donated.[5]


فرعون

In 34 BC, Antony granted further eastern lands and titles to Caesarion and his own three children with Cleopatra in the Donations of Alexandria. Caesarion was proclaimed to be a god, a son of [a] god, and "King of Kings". This grandiose title was "unprecedented in the management of Roman client-king relationships" and could be seen as "threatening the 'greatness' of the Roman people".[6] Antony also declared Caesarion to be Caesar's true son and heir. This declaration was a direct threat to Octavian (whose claim to power was based on his status as Julius Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son). These proclamations partly caused the fatal breach in Antony's relations with Octavian, who used Roman resentment over the Donations to gain support for war against Antony and Cleopatra.[7]

وفاته

Roman painting from Pompeii, early 1st century AD, most likely depicting Cleopatra VII, wearing her royal diadem, consuming poison in an act of suicide, while Caesarion, also wearing a royal diadem, stands behind her[8]

After the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, Cleopatra seems to have groomed Caesarion to take over as "sole ruler without his mother".[2] She may have intended to go into exile, perhaps with Antony, who may have hoped that he would be allowed to retire as Lepidus had. Caesarion reappears in the historical record in 30 BC, when Octavian invaded Egypt and searched for him. Cleopatra may have sent Caesarion, 17 years old at the time, to the Red Sea port of Berenice for safety, possibly as part of plans for an escape to India; he may have been sent years earlier, but the sources are unclear. Plutarch does say that Caesarion was sent to India, but also that he was lured back by false promises of the kingdom of Egypt:

Caesarion, who was said to be Cleopatra's son by Julius Caesar, was sent by his mother, with much treasure, into India, by way of Ethiopia. There Rhodon, another tutor like Theodorus, persuaded him to go back, on the ground that [Octavian] Caesar invited him to take the kingdom.[9]

Octavian captured the city of Alexandria on 1 August 30 BC, the date that marks the official annexation of Egypt to the Roman Republic. Around this time Mark Antony and Cleopatra died, traditionally said to be by suicide, though murder has been suggested.[10] Details of the narratives in Plutarch are generally challenged and not taken literally.[11] Caesarion's guardians, including his tutor, were themselves either lured by false promises of mercy into returning him to Alexandria or simply betrayed him; the records are unclear.

Octavian is supposed to have had Pharaoh Caesarion executed in Alexandria, following the advice of Arius Didymus, who said "Too many Caesars is not good" (a pun on a line in Homer).[12] It is popularly thought that he was strangled, but the exact circumstances of his death have not been documented.[بحاجة لمصدر] Octavian then assumed absolute control of Egypt. The year 30 BC was considered the first year of the new ruler's reign according to the traditional chronological system of Egypt.

أسماؤه المصرية

بالإضافة إلى اسمه اليوناني وأسماء تدليله، فقد كان لقيصريون مجموعة كاملة من الأسماء الملكية في اللغة المصرية[13]:

  • إواپا نـِتجر إنتي نحم
  • ستپ إن پتاح
  • إر ماعت إن رع
  • سخم عنخ أمون

وهذه الأسماء تـُترجم كالتالي:

  • "وريث الإله المنقذ"
  • "مختار پتاح"
  • "مـُنـَفـِذ أحكام رع"
  • "الصورة الحية لأمون"


أسلافه

أسلاف قيصرون
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
16. گايوس يوليوس قيصر الأول
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8. گايوس يوليوس قيصر الثاني
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
{{{17}}}
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. گايوس يوليوس قيصر الأكبر
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18. Quintus Marcius Rex
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9. مارسيا
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
{{{19}}}
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. يوليوس قيصر
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
20. Lucius Aurelius Cotta the Elder
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10. لوكيوس أورليوس كوتا
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
{{{21}}}
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5. أورليا كوتا
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
{{{22}}}
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
11. روتيليا
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
{{{23}}}
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1. قيصريون
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
24. پطليموس الثامن
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
12. پطليموس التاسع
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25. كليوپاترا الثالثة
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6. پطليموس الثاني عشر
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
26. پطليموس الثامن (= 24)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13. كليوپاترا الرابعة من مصر
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
27. كليوپاترا الثالثة (= 25)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. كليوپاترا السابعة
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
28. پطليموس الثامن (= 24)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
14. پطليموس العاشر
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
29. كليوپاترا الثالثة (= 25)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7. كليوپاترا الخامسة
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30. پطليموس التاسع (= 12)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15. برنيكه الثالثة من مصر
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
31. كليوپاترا سلينه الأولى
 
 
 
 
 
 


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انظر أيضاً

الهوامش

المصادر

  1. ^ Numbering the Ptolemies is a modern invention; the Greeks distinguished them by nickname. The number given here is the present consensus; but there has been some disagreement about which Ptolemies should be counted as reigning. Older sources may give a number one higher or lower, but the same epithet.
  2. ^ أ ب ت Duane W. Roller, Cleopatra: A Biography, Oxford University Press US, 2010, pp. 70-3
  3. ^ Hughes J.R. (October 2004). "Dictator Perpetuus. Julius Caesar – Did he have seizures? If so, what was the etiology?". Epilepsy Behav. 5 (5): 765–764.
  4. ^ Francesco M. Galassi; Hutan Ashrafian (2016). Julius Caesar's Disease. A New Diagnosis. Pen and Sword Books. pp. 45–46.
  5. ^ Rolf Strootman (2010). "Queen of Kings: Cleopatra VII and the Donations of Alexandria". In M. Facella; T. Kaizer (eds.). Kingdoms and Principalities in the Roman Near East. Occidens et Oriens. Vol. 19. Stuttgart, DE: Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 139–158.
  6. ^ Meyer Reinhold (2002). Studies in Classical History and Society. US: Oxford University Press. p. 58.
  7. ^ Burstein, Stanley Mayer (2007). The Reign of Cleopatra. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 29.
  8. ^ Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: A Biography. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 178–179. ISBN 9780195365535.
  9. ^ Plutarch, Life of Antony. As found in the Loeb Classical Library, Plutarch's Lives: With an English Translation by Bernadotte Perrin. Volume 9. p. 321.
  10. ^ Pat Brown (19 February 2013). The Murder of Cleopatra: History's Greatest Cold Case. Prometheus Books.
  11. ^ The Victorian scholar Arthur Hugh Clough, who updated the poet John Dryden's superb translation of Plutarch to give us the best available version in English, remarked in an introduction: It cannot be denied that [Plutarch] is careless about numbers, and occasionally contradicts his own statements. A greater fault, perhaps, is his passion for anecdote; he cannot forbear from repeating stories, the improbability of which he is the first to recognise. Morrow, Lance (July 2004). "Plutarch's Exemplary Lives". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 26 Feb 2015.
  12. ^ David Braund et al, Myth, History and Culture in Republican Rome: Studies in Honour of T.P. Wiseman, University of Exeter Press, 2003, p. 305. The original line was "ουκ αγαθόν πολυκοιρανίη" ("ouk agathon polukoiranie"): "too many leaders are not good", or "the rule of many is a bad thing". (Homer's Iliad, Book II. vers 204–205) In Greek "ουκ αγαθόν πολυκαισαρίη" ("ouk agathon polukaisarie") is a variation on "ουκ αγαθόν πολυκοιρανίη" ("ouk agathon polukoiranie"). "Καισαρ" (Caesar) replacing "κοίρανος", meaning leader.
  13. ^ Chronicle of the Pharaohs, by Peter Clayton (1994), ISBN 0500050740

وصلات خارجية

قيصريون
وُلِد: 47 ق.م. توفي: 30 ق.م.
سبقه
كليوپاترا السابعة فيلوپاتور 		فرعون مصر
44-30 ق.م.
مع كليوپاترا السابعة 		تبعه
مصر ضمتها روما
الكلمات الدالة:
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