أرخبيل الملايو

Malay Archipelago
	World map highlighting Malay Archipelago
الجغرافيا
الموقع	Maritime Southeast Asia, ميلانيزيا
إجمالي الجزر	25,000
الجزر الرئيسية	Java, Luzon, Halmahera, Bali, Borneo, Mindanao, New Guinea, Sulawesi, سومطرة
المساحة	2,870,000 km2 (1,110,000 sq mi)
	بروناي
أكبر مستوطنة	Bandar Seri Begawan
	تيمور الشرقية
أكبر مستوطنة	Dili
	إندونيسيا
أكبر settlement	جاكرتا
	ماليزيا
Largest settlement	Kuching
	پاپوا غينيا الجديدة
أكبر مستوطنة	Port Moresby
	الفلپين
أكبر مستوطنة	Quezon City
	سنغافورة
أكبر مستوطنة	Singapore (city-state)
السكان
التعداد	380,000,000
الجماعات العرقية	Predominantly Austronesians, with minorities of Negritos, Papuans, Melanesians, Overseas Chinese, Arabs descendants, and Overseas Indians

2°56′S 107°55′E / 2.933°S 107.917°E / -2.933; 107.917

أرخبيل الملايو (سبوانو: Kapupud-ang Malay, ملايو: Kepulauan Melayu, قالب:Lang-tgl, جاوية: Nusantara، Malay Archipelago) ويُسمى كذلك الأرخبيل الهندي الشرقي أو أرخبيل ماليزيا، وهو في جزءٍ من المحيط الهادئ يحتوي على أكبر مجموعة من الجزر في العالم. ويمر خط الاستواء عبر وسط المجموعة. ويقع الأرخبيل بين جنوب شرقي آسيا وأستراليا، ويضم الفلبين وإندونيسيا (بما في ذلك جزر مولكاس وسوندا الصغرى)، وغينيا الجديدة، ومجموعات أخرى أصغر. وتبلغ مساحة الأرخبيل 2,886,210كم للموقع.

توجد بهذه الجزر تربةٌ خصبةٌ وناعمةٌ. وتنجح فيها زراعة البرتقال، والمانجو، والجوافة، والأرز، والذرة، وقصب السكر، والبن، والكاكاو، وجوز الهند، والساغو، وأشجار الخبز، واليام. وتشمل الصادرات: الجاتابرشا (مادة شبيهة بالمطاط)، والكافور، ومنتجات الغابات الأخرى. وتوجد بالعديد من الجزر الملايوية مخزونات من الذهب، والمنجنيز، والكروم، والحديد، والكبريت، والنفط، والقصدير، والفوسفات.

خريطة أرخبيل الملايو

اكتشف علماء التاريخ الطبيعي وغيرهم من العلماء كثيرًا من المواد العلمية الثمينة في هذه الجزر. وأشهر اكتشافاتهم كانت الأحافير العظمِيَّة لإنسان جاوه. ويعتقد بعض العلماء أن هذا الإنسان عاش قبل ما يقرب من مليون ونصف المليون سنة. ويعيش فوق جزر أرخبيل الملايو ما يُقارب 221 مليون نسمة. ومعظم هؤلاء السكان ينتمون إلى المجموعات العرقية الماليزية أو البابوانية.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Etymology and terminology

The term "Malay Archipelago" was derived from the archaic European concept of a "Malay race" (a culturally-similar non-Oceanian subset of the Austronesian peoples),^[3] a racial concept proposed by European explorers based on their observations of the influence of the Srivijaya empire, which was based on the island of Sumatra.^[4] However, the Malay Archipelago does not include all islands inhabited by the Malay race such as Madagascar and Taiwan, and includes islands inhabited by Melanesians such as the Maluku Islands and New Guinea.

Pinisi sailing ship exploring Komodo island, part of Lesser Sunda Islands

The 19th-century naturalist Alfred Wallace used the term "Malay Archipelago" as the title of his influential book documenting his studies in the region. Wallace also referred to the area as the "Indian Archipelago" and the "Indo-Australian Archipelago".^[5]^[6] He included the Solomon Islands and Malay Peninsula in the region due to physiographic similarities.^[3] As Wallace noted,^[7] there are arguments for excluding Papua New Guinea for cultural and geographical reasons: Papua New Guinea is culturally quite different from the other countries in the region, and it is geologically not part of the continent of Asia, as the islands of the Sunda Shelf are (see Australia).

The archipelago was called the "East Indies"^[8] from the late 16th century and throughout the European colonial era. It is still sometimes referred to as such,^[9] but broader usages of the "East Indies" term had included Indochina and the Indian subcontinent. The area is called "Nusantara" in the Indonesian language.^[10] The area is also referred to as the "Indonesian Archipelago".^[11]^[12] The term "Maritime Southeast Asia" is largely synonymous, covering both the islands in Southeast Asia and nearby island-like communities, such as those found on the Malay Peninsula.^[13]

Insulindia

Insulindia is a somewhat archaic geographical term^[14]^[15]^[16] for Maritime Southeast Asia, sometimes extending as far as Australasia.^[17] More common in Portuguese and Spanish,^[18]^[19]^[20] it is also sometimes used in art history or anthropology to describe the interface zone between the cultures of Oceania and Southeast Asia.^[21]

Insulindia is used as a geopolitical term in academic discussions of the former European colonial possessions within Maritime Southeast Asia, especially Dutch East Indies and Portuguese East Indies ("Portuguese Insulindia")^[22] much as former French colonial possessions in Southeast Asia are still termed French Indochina.^[23] It is also used to describe and locate the Chinese cultural diaspora (the "insulindian Chinese")^[24] across the islands of Southeast Asia.^[25]

Geography

One of the majority of uninhabited islands of the Philippines.

The land and sea area of the archipelago exceeds 2 million km².^[1] The more than 25,000 islands of the archipelago consist of many smaller archipelagoes.^[26]

The major island groupings in the Indonesian Archipelago include the Maluku Islands, New Guinea, and the Sunda Islands. The Sunda Islands comprise two island groups: the Greater Sunda Islands and the Lesser Sunda Islands.

The major island groupings in the Philippine Archipelago include Luzon, Mindanao, and the Visayan Islands.

The seven largest islands are New Guinea, Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi and Java in Indonesia; and Luzon and Mindanao in the Philippines.

Geologically, the archipelago is one of the most active volcanic regions in the world. Producing many volcanoes especially in Java, Sumatra and Lesser Sunda Islands region where most volcanoes over 3,000 m (9,843 ft) high are situated. Tectonic uplifts also produce large mountains, including the highest, Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia, with a height of 4,095.2 m (13,436 ft) and Puncak Jaya on Papua, Indonesia at 4,884 m (16,024 ft). Other high mountains in the archipelago include Puncak Mandala, Indonesia at 4,760 m (15,617 ft) and Puncak Trikora, Indonesia, at 4,750 m (15,584 ft).

The climate throughout the archipelago is tropical, owing to its position on the Equator.

Biogeography

Wallace Line between Australian and Southeast Asian fauna. The deep water of the Lombok Strait between the islands of Bali and Lombok formed a water barrier even when lower sea levels linked the now-separated islands and landmasses on either side.

Wallace used the term Malay Archipelago as the title of his influential book documenting his studies in the region. He proposed what would come to be known as the "Wallace Line", a boundary that separated the flora and fauna of Asia and Australia. The ice age boundary was formed by the deep water straits between Borneo and Sulawesi; and through the Lombok Strait between Bali and Lombok. This is now considered the western border of the Wallacea transition zone between the zoogeographical regions of Asia and Australia. The zone has a mixture of species of Asian and Australian origin, and its own endemic species.

السكان

التعداد

Over 380 million people live in the region, with the nine most populated islands being:

Java (141,000,000)
Sumatra (50,180,000)
Luzon (48,520,774)
Mindanao (21,902,000)
Borneo (21,258,000)
Sulawesi (21,258,000)
New Guinea (11,306,940)
Negros (4,414,131)
Panay (4,302,634)

اللغة والدين

The people living there are predominantly from Austronesian sub-groupings and correspondingly speak western Malayo-Polynesian languages. The main religions in this region are Islam (62%), Christianity (33%), as well as Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism and traditional folk religions.

الثقافة

Culturally, the region is often seen^[ممن؟] as part of "Farther India" or Greater India—the Coedes' Indianized states of Southeast Asia refers to it as "Island Southeast Asia".^[27]

Notes

^ ^أ ^ب Moores, Eldridge M.; Fairbridge, Rhodes Whitmore (1997). Encyclopedia of European and Asian regional geology. Springer. p. 377. ISBN 0-412-74040-0. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2006). "World Population Prospects, Table A.2" (PDF). 2006 revision. United Nations: 37–42. Retrieved 2007-06-30. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ ^أ ^ب Wallace, Alfred Russel (1869). The Malay Archipelago. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 1.
^ Reid, Anthony. Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities. Origins of Malayness, Cambridge University Press, 2001. Retrieved on March 2, 2009.
^ Wallace, Alfred Russel (1863). "On the Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago". Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
^ Wallace, Alfred Russel (1869). The Malay Archipelago. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 2.
^ Wallace, Alfred Russel (1869). "40: The Races of Man in the Malay Archipelago". The Malay Archipelago. Archived from the original on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2009-08-26. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
"If we draw a line ... commencing along the western coast of Gilolo, through the island of Bouru, and curving round the west end of Mores, then bending back by Sandalwood Island to take in Rotti, we shall divide the Archipelago into two portions, the races of which have strongly marked distinctive peculiarities. This line will separate the Malayan and all the Asiatic races, from the Papuans and all that inhabit the Pacific; and though along the line of junction intermigration and commixture have taken place, yet the division is on the whole almost as well defined and strongly contrasted, as is the corresponding zoological division of the Archipelago, into an Indo-Malayan and Austro-Malayan region."
^ OED first edition A geographical term, including Hindostan, Further India, and the islands beyond with first found usage 1598
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Britannica
^ Echols, John M.; Shadily, Hassan (1989). Kamus Indonesia Inggris (An Indonesian-English Dictionary) (1st ed.). Jakarta: Gramedia. ISBN 979-403-756-7.; Moores, Eldridge M.; Fairbridge, Rhodes Whitmore (1997). Encyclopedia of European and Asian regional geology. Springer. p. 377. ISBN 0-412-74040-0. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
^ Friedhelm Göltenboth (2006) Ecology of insular Southeast Asia: the Indonesian Archipelago Elsevier, ISBN 0-444-52739-7, ISBN 978-0-444-52739-4
^ Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia, Volume 1
^ Shaffer, Lynda (1996). Maritime Southeast Asia to 1500. M.E. Sharpe. p. xi. ISBN 1-56324-144-7.
^ T. Barbour. Reptiles in the East and West Indies- and Some Digression. The American Naturalist, Vol. 57, No. 649 (Mar. - Apr., 1923), pp. 125-128
^ Review: The Tongking Delta and the Annamite House. Geographical Review, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Jul., 1937), pp. 519-520
^ A. Aiyappan. Pottery Braziers of Mohenjo-Daro. Man, Vol. 39, (May, 1939), pp. 71-72
^ Donald F. Lach, Edwin J. Van Kley (eds.) Asia in the making of Europe: Volume III, A century of advance. University of Chicago Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-226-46757-3 pp. 1301-1396
^ Portugal. Embaixada (Indonesia). Sukarno and Portugal. Embaixada de Portugal em Jacarta, 2002 pp. 61-62
^ António Augusto Mendes Correa. Timor português: contribuïções para o seu estudo antropológico. Volume 1 of Memórias : Série antropológica e etnológica, Portugal Junta de Investigações do Ultramar. Imprensa Nacional de Lisboa, 1944
^ Jules Sion, Luis Villanueva López-Moreno (tr.). Asia monzónica: India, Indochina, Insulindia. Volume 13 of Geografía Universal. Montaner y Simón, 1948
^ [1] Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine Insulindia: musée du quai Branly, France
^ Insulindia Portuguea. Divisao de Publicacoes e Biblioteca Agencia Geral das Colonias. Clamagirand (-Renard), Brigitte. 1971
^ Christian Pelras . [2] Indonesian Studies in France: Retrospect, Situation and Prospects. Archipel, 1978, Volume 16, Issue 16, pp. 7-20
^ Leo Suryadinata. The Ethnic Chinese in the ASEAN states: bibliographical essays. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1989, ISBN 978-981-3035-11-9 p. 54
^ Claudine Salmon. Cultural links between insulindian Chinese and Fujian as reflected in two late 17th-century epigraphs. Archipel, 2007, Issue 73, pp. 167-194
^ Philippines : General Information. Government of the Philippines. Retrieved 2009-11-06; "World Economic Outlook Database" (Press release). International Monetary Fund. April 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-05.; "Indonesia Regions". Indonesia Business Directory. Retrieved 2007-04-24.
^ Coedes, G. (1968) The Indianized states of Southeast Asia Edited by Walter F. Vella. Translated by Susan Brown Cowing.Canberra : Australian National University Press. Introduction... The geographic area here called Farther India consists of Indonesia, or island Southeast Asia....

المصادر

الموسوعة المعرفية الشاملة

مراجع