طفرة مواليد ما بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية

(تم التحويل من Baby boomers)
"Baby Boomer" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة the video game، انظر Baby Boomer (video game). For further information، انظر Mid-twentieth century baby boom.
جزء من سلسلة عن
الأجيال
Generation timeline.svg
خط زمني للأجيال الديمغرافية منذ أواخر القرن التاسع عشر، مع نطاقات تقريبية للسنين، والمعالم والأحداث العالمية في حياة كل جيل.

Baby boomers (often shortened to boomers) are the demographic cohort following the Silent Generation and preceding Generation X. The generation is generally defined as people born from 1946 to 1964, during the post–World War II baby boom.[1] The term is also used outside the United States but the dates, the demographic context and the cultural identifiers may vary.[2][3][4][5] The baby boom has been described variously as a "shockwave"[6] and as "the pig in the python."[7] Baby boomers are often parents of late Gen Xers and Millennials.[8]

In the West, boomers' childhoods in the 1950s and 1960s saw significant reforms in education, both as part of the ideological confrontation that was the Cold War,[9][10] and as a continuation of the interwar period.[11][12] In the 1960s and 1970s, as this relatively large number of young people entered their teens and young adulthood—the oldest turned 18 in 1964—they, and those around them, created a very specific rhetoric around their cohort[13] and the social movements brought about by their size in numbers, such as the counterculture of the 1960s[14] and its backlash.[15] In many countries, this period was one of deep political instability due to the postwar youth bulge;[15][16] in China, boomers lived through the Cultural Revolution and were subject to the one-child policy as adults.[17] These social changes and rhetoric had an important impact in the perceptions of the boomers, as well as society's increasingly common tendency to define the world in terms of generations, which was a relatively new phenomenon. That this group reached puberty and maximum height earlier than previous generations added to the tension between the generations.[18]

In Europe and North America, many boomers came of age in a time of increasing affluence and widespread government subsidies in post-war housing and education,[6] and grew up genuinely expecting the world to improve with time.[7] Those with higher standards of living and educational levels were often the most demanding of betterment.[15][19] In the early twenty-first century, baby boomers in developed countries, with a few exceptions, are the single biggest cohort in their societies due to sub-replacement fertility and population aging.[20]

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Characteristics

Cognitive abilities

As adolescents and young adults

Standards of living and economic prospects

Cultural and sociopolitical identities

Soap operas
Cultural influences
Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique (1963) triggered the second wave of feminism from the 1960s to the 1980s.[21]


Counterculture
A graffiti telling students to "take your desires for reality" in the Sorbonne, May 1968.


Protests and riots
Barricades in Bordeaux, May 1968
A wall graffiti made during student movements in May 1968 in a classroom at the University of Lyon
West German youth protesters, 1968, with photos of Ho Chi Minh, Vladimir Lenin, and Rosa Luxemburg
Protesters clash with police in West Germany, 1967-68
Protest signs read, "Mom, see you in court!" and "It is forbidden to forbid!" Mexico City, 1968.
A monument to the Hippie Trail, Tamil Nadu, India
Some attendees of the Woodstock Music Festival in 1969
Reliable contraception helped pave the way for the sexual revolution.
Some anti-abortion protestors in San Francisco, USA, 1986

Things got a lot more violent by the late 1960s and early 1970s, however. Many proponents of counterculture idealized violence and armed struggle against what they considered oppression, drawing inspiration from conflicts in the Third World and from the Cultural Revolution in Communist China, a creation of Mao Zedong intended to thoroughly severe the ties of society to its history, with deadly results. Some young men and women simply refused to engage in dialogue with mainstream society and instead believed that violence was a sign of their status as resistance fighters.[15] In May 1968, French youths launched massive protest demanding social and educational reforms, while labor unions simultaneously initiated a general strike, prompting countermeasures by the government. This led to a general mayhem in a manner similar to a civil war, especially in Paris. Finally, the government acquiesced to the demands of the students and workers; Charles de Gaulle stepped down as President in 1969.[22]


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Sexual revolution and feminism
Marriage and family

In Italy, divorce was legalized in 1970 and confirmed by referendum in 1974. Abortion went through the same process in 1978 and 1981, respectively. Marriage in many Western countries became much less stable, but not in Latin America, Japan, or South Korea.[18]

Family values

Home economist Mary Norris with a Girl Scout, Seattle, Washington, 1966

Attitude towards religion

In the United States, radical activists of the 1960s prompted a backlash by religious leaders, who advocated a return to basic "family values." Evangelical Christians grew considerably in numbers in the 1970s. This movement became politically active, resulting in the fusion between Christian fundamentalism and neoconservatism in the late 1970s and 1980s and the election of Ronald Reagan as President.[15]

In later years

Life expectancy

Work and retirement

Financial position

In the United Kingdom, the rate of home ownership of baby boomers was 75% and "the real value of estates passing on death has more than doubled over the past 20 years", according to a 2017 report by the Resolution Foundation. For this reason, the transfer of wealth between the baby boomers and their children, the millennials, will prove highly beneficial to the latter compared to previous cohorts, especially those who came from high-income families.[23]


Key generation milestones

A late boomer girl learning from a newspaper that man has landed on the Moon (1969).

In a 1985 study of U.S. generational cohorts by Schuman and Scott, a broad sample of adults was asked, "What world events over the past 50 years were especially important to them?"[24] For the baby boomers the results were:

  • Baby Boomer cohort number one (born 1946–55), the cohort who epitomized the cultural change of the 1960s
    • Memorable events: the Cold War (and associated Red Scare), the Cuban Missile Crisis, assassinations of John F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, and Martin Luther King, Jr., political unrest, the Apollo Program, military draft, the Vietnam War, sexual experimentation, drug experimentation, the Civil Rights Movement, environmentalism, the second wave of feminism, and the Woodstock Festival.
  • Baby Boomer cohort number two (born 1956–64), the cohort who came of age in the "malaise" years of the 1970s
    • Memorable events: the Cold War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the assassinations of John F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, and Martin Luther King, Jr. (for those born in the first couple of years of this cohort), the Vietnam War, walk on the moon, the Watergate scandal and Richard Nixon's resignation, lowered drinking age to 18 in many states from 1970 to 1976 (followed by raising back to 21 in the mid-1980s as a result of congressional lobbying by Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)), the 1973 oil crisis, raging inflation, economic recession and lack of viable career opportunities upon graduation from high school or college, Jimmy Carter's reimposition of registration for the draft, the Iran hostage crisis, the election of Ronald Reagan as President, and Live Aid.

Legacy

An indication of the importance put on the impact of the boomer was the selection by TIME magazine of the Baby Boom Generation as its 1966 "Man of the Year." As Claire Raines points out in Beyond Generation X, "never before in history had youth been so idealized as they were at this moment." When Generation X came along it had much to live up to according to Raines.[25][26]

The experimentation with marijuana and psychedelic drugs spearheaded by some of the baby boomers in their youth has continued to present day, leading in some countries to re-evaluation of these substances as useful medicinal and psychotherapeutic tools.[27][28]

Just as Paul Erlich's The Population Bomb (1968) hit the shelves, feminist movements were spreading all across the Western world. As access to education improved and contraception became readily available, women during the 1970s and 1980s became a lot more willing to delay or eschew marriage and to reduce the number of children, if any, they had. Because so many women during this period seized the opportunity to control their fertility, they have had a significant impact on the trajectory of human history. This intentional reduction of fertility occurred not just in Western countries, but also in places like India and Iran. Consequently, the predictions of Erlich failed to match reality. This development paved the way for the phenomenon of population aging observed in many countries around the world in the early twenty-first century.[29] Geopolitical analyst Peter Zeihan predicted that this demographic trend would result in "accelerating population falls unparalleled in speed and depth by any peacetime event in human history with the singular exception of the Black Plague." He noted, however, that baby boomers in Australia, New Zealand, Cyprus, Ireland, Iceland, and the United States had enough children so that their nations were not aging as rapidly as other developed and even some developing countries.[20]

See also


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Notes


References

  1. ^ Sheehan, Paul (سبتمبر 26, 2011). "Greed of boomers led us to a total bust". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on مايو 21, 2019. Retrieved مايو 21, 2019.
  2. ^ Owram, Doug (ديسمبر 31, 1997). Born at the Right Time. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. doi:10.3138/9781442657106. ISBN 978-1-4426-5710-6.
  3. ^ Little, Bruce; Foot, David K.; Stoffman, Daniel (1998). "Boom, Bust & Echo: How to Profit from the Coming Demographic Shift". Foreign Policy (113): 110. doi:10.2307/1149238. ISSN 0015-7228. JSTOR 1149238.
  4. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Salt2004
  5. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :36
  6. ^ أ ب Owram, Doug (1997), Born at the Right Time, Toronto: Univ Of Toronto Press, p. x, ISBN 0-8020-8086-3, https://archive.org/details/bornatrighttimeh0000owra/page/ 
  7. ^ أ ب Jones, Landon (1980), Great Expectations: America and the Baby Boom Generation, New York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan 
  8. ^ Rebecca Leung (سبتمبر 4, 2005). "The Echo Boomers – 60 Minutes". CBS News. Archived from the original on نوفمبر 4, 2013. Retrieved أغسطس 24, 2010.
  9. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :8
  10. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :18
  11. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :6
  12. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :22
  13. ^ Pinker, Steven (2011). The Better Angels Of Our Nature. p. 109: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-141-03464-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  14. ^ Owram, Doug (1997), Born at the Right Time, Toronto: Univ Of Toronto Press, p. xi, ISBN 0-8020-8086-3, https://archive.org/details/bornatrighttimeh0000owra/page/ 
  15. ^ أ ب ت ث ج خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :15
  16. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :24
  17. ^ Woodruff, Judy; French, Howard (أغسطس 1, 2016). "The unprecedented aging crisis that's about to hit China". PBS Newshour. Archived from the original on سبتمبر 26, 2020. Retrieved أغسطس 13, 2020.
  18. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :29
  19. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :27
  20. ^ أ ب Zeihan, Peter (2016). "Chapter 5: The End of the (Old) World". The Absent Superpower: The Shale Revolution and a World without America. Austin, TX: Zeihan on Geopolitics. ISBN 978-0-9985052-0-6. Population pyramids of the developed world without the U.S. and of the U.S. in 2030. {{cite book}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  21. ^ Drucker, Sally Ann (أبريل 27, 2018). "Betty Friedan: The Three Waves of Feminism". Ohio Humanities. Retrieved ديسمبر 18, 2020.
  22. ^ National Geographic (2007). Essential Visual History of the World. National Geographic Society. pp. 438–9. ISBN 978-1-4262-0091-5.
  23. ^ Brinded, Lianna (ديسمبر 30, 2017). "Britain's class problem comes down to "assortative mating"". Quartz. Archived from the original on ديسمبر 31, 2017. Retrieved يناير 9, 2021.
  24. ^ Schuman, H. and Scott, J. (1989), Generations and collective memories, American Sociological Review, vol. 54 (3), 1989, pp. 359–81.
  25. ^ Raines, Claire (1997). Beyond Generation X. Crisp Publications. ISBN 978-1560524496.
  26. ^ "Marijuana Timeline | Busted - America's War On Marijuana | FRONTLINE | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved فبراير 21, 2021.
  27. ^ Siddique, Ashik (أبريل 23, 2013). "Psychedelic Drug Use in United States as Common Now as in 1960s Generation". Medical Daily. Retrieved فبراير 7, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ^ https://Marijuna Timeline, PBS.com
  29. ^ Safi, Michael (يوليو 25, 2020). "All the people: what happens if humanity's ranks start to shrink?". World. The Guardian. Archived from the original on أغسطس 19, 2020. Retrieved أغسطس 19, 2020.

Further reading

External links

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