اقتصاد البوسنة والهرسك

اقتصاد البوسنة والهرسك

الشركة المتحدة للاستثمار والتجارة، سراييڤو.
العملة	المارك البوسني
السنة المالية	السنة المالية
منظمات التجارة	CEFTA
احصائيات
ن.م.إ	32.08 دولار (2012) 18,15 بليون دولار (2012) List of countries by GDP (nominal)
نمو ن.م.إ	▲6,5% (يناير-أكتوبر 2013)
ن.م.إ للفرد	▲9,980 دولار (2012)
ن.م.إ للفرد	الزراعة: 8.2% الصناعة: 26.2% الخدمات: 65.8% (2012)
التضخم (CPI)	2.2% (2012 )
السكان تحت خط الفقر	18.6% (2007)
القوة العاملة	2.6 مليون (2010)
البطالة	27,2% (يوليو 2012)by valid international sources
متوسط الراتب الإجمالي	828 BAM / $700 (Mar 2012)
متوسط الراتب الصافي	790 BAM/610 (Mar 2012)
الصناعات الرئيسية	الصلب، الفحم، خام الحديد، القصدير، الزنك، المنجنيز، البوكسايت، المركبات، النسيج، منتجات التبغ، الأثاث، الدبابات، الطائرات، الأجهزة المنزلية، تكرير النفط
ترتيب سهولة مزاولة الأعمال	125
الخارجي
الصادرات	$5.427 بليون دولار (2012)
السلع التصديرية	المعادن، الملابس، المنتجات الخشبية
شركاء التصدير الرئيسيين	سلوڤنيا 17.3% كرواتيا 16.5% إيطاليا 13.6% ألمانيا 12.8% النمسا 12.7% (2012 est.)
الواردات	10.18 بليون دولار (2012)
السلعة المستوردة	الآلات والأجهزة، الكيماويات، الوقود، الأغذية المعلبة
شركاء الاستيراد الرئيسيين	كرواتيا 21.1% ألمانيا 12.5% سلوڤنيا 12.4% إيطاليا 9.0% روسيا 7.3% النمسا 6.1% المجر 4.9% (2012 est.)
المالية العامة
الدين العام	43.8% من ن.م.إ. (2012)
العوائد	7.887 بليون دولار (2012)
النفقات	8.521 بليون دولار (2012)
التصنيف الائتماني	B+ (محلي) B+ (أجنبي) BB (T&C Assessment) (Standard & Poor's)
المصدر الرئيسي للبيانات: CIA World Fact Book كل القيم، ما لم يُذكر غير ذلك، هي بالدولار الأمريكي.

اقتصاد البوسنة والهرسك منذ إعلان البوسنة والهرسك سيادتها في أكتوبر 1991 وإعلان استقلالها عن يوغسلاڤيا السابقة في 3 مارس 1992. The main trading partners are Germany, Italy, Austria, Turkey and other neighboring Balkan countries.

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 نظرة عامة

Bosnia and Herzegovina is an upper middle-income country which has accomplished a great deal since the mid-1990s. Today, it is an EU candidate country and is now embarking on a new growth model amid a period of slow growth and the global financial crisis. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a small, open economy, dominated by services, which accounted for 55% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2016, with a moderately developed industrial and manufacturing sector (23% and 12%, respectively), and a limited agricultural base (about 6% of GDP).

The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM) - the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro, and confidence in the currency and the banking sector has increased. Implementation of privatization, however, has been slow, and local entities only reluctantly support national-level institutions. Banking reform accelerated in 2001 as all ; foreign banks, primarily from Western Europe, now control most of the banking sector. A sizable current account deficit and very high unemployment rate remain the two most serious economic problems. The country receives substantial amounts of reconstruction assistance and humanitarian aid from the international community but will have to prepare for an era of declining assistance.

The United States Embassy in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina produces the Country Commercial Guide – an annual report that delivers a comprehensive look at Bosnia and Herzegovina's commercial and economic environment, using economic, political, and market analysis.

According to Serbian American economist, Branko Milanović, Bosnia and Herzegovina did the best job in the transition from socialism to capitalism when compared to the other republics of the former Yugoslavia. From 1985 until 2021, Bosnia and Herzegovina performed the best on the annual average GDP growth per capita (1.6%), Slovenia (1.4%), Croatia (1%), Serbia without Kosovo (0.9%) and North Macedonia (0.5%).

At the time of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), Bosnia and Herzegovina was an important mineral processing centre and provided the other republics with basic mineral commodities in exchange for current consumption goods. While large amounts of public capital investments poured in during the 1970s, productivity levels remained low, often due to the limited capacity of public managers. Under former republican premier Džemal Bijedić, and Yugoslav president Tito, metal-product industries were promoted in the republic, resulting in the development of a large share of Yugoslavia's metal products plants.

Merging small firms into larger agglomerates was a common practice in the SFRY to preserve employment levels. As a result, four large conglomerates emerged in Bosnia and Herzegovina over time: Energoinvest (energy sector), Unis (automotive and defence industry, which partnered with Volkswagen in the early 1970s), Šipad (wood processing) and RMK Zenica (steel industry, later acquired by ArcelorMittal). Construction and defence were important industries of the Bosnian economy, despite their low efficiency and, ultimately, supply excess. The defence industry was particularly developed in the southern districts and around Mostar, which was also a relevant metallurgical centre (Aluminij Mostar). Machinery production was concentrated in the north, particularly around Banja Luka. The Tuzla district was renowned for its chemical industry. The automotive industry, which developed in the 1950s with the production of vehicle components, extended later on to passenger and commercial vehicles, with plants in Sarajevo, Mostar and Banja Luka. Agriculture was not highly developed, despite its importance for employment and the presence of the large Agrokomerc conglomerate based at the north-west border with Croatia.

Tito had pushed the development of metal industries, and electro-energetic sector, in the republic with the result that Bosnia and Herzegovina were a host of large numbers of industrial firms. Some of them were worked with World brand names, companies like Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Marlboro, Volkswagen and SKF. Big Companies like Energoinvest, UNIS, Hidrogradnja, Vranica, RMK Zenica, TAS Sarajevo, FAMOS Sarajevo and BNT Novi Travnik, have yearly income in billions of USD$ at that time. Building sector companies bringing large amounts of income in USD$. Unemployment at that time is very low. Work force is highly skilled, with highly professional, educated managers, engineers, science experts, which use western world's newest technologies in large scale areas. Before the war, Yugoslav premier Ante Marković, made some preparations for privatization, in economy, finance, and industry sectors, but the war ceased development in these actions.

The economy suffered heavily from the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with over €200 billion in material damages and GDP (excluding services) reduced by 90% between 1990 and 1995. Today, most of the above-mentioned companies have been privatised. The economy remains fragile, primarily consumption driven and vulnerable to external fluctuations. This was seen with the global economic crisis, which pushed Bosnia and Herzegovina into recession in 2009 and 2012 (with GDP growth of -3% and -0.8%, respectively) and severe floods in 2014, which caused damage of approximately 15% of GDP. Since 2015, annual GDP growth has increased to more than 3%. Still, the country registered a current account deficit of 4.7% of GDP in 2017, decreasing from 5.3% in 2015, resulting from a reduction in its trade deficit, which nevertheless remains large (17.4% of GDP in 2017).

A Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina was established in late 1997, debt negotiations were held with the London Club in December 1997 and with the Paris Club in October 1998, and a new currency, the Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark, was introduced in mid-1998. In 1999, the Convertible Mark gained wider acceptance, and the Central Bank dramatically increased its reserve holdings. Due to Bosnia's strict currency board regime attaching the Bosnian mark to the Euro, inflation has remained low in the entire country.

With an uneasy peace in place, output recovered in 1996–99 at high percentage rates from a low base; but output growth slowed in 2000–02. The country receives substantial amounts of reconstruction assistance and humanitarian aid from the international community. Support for East European Democracy (SEED) assistance accounts for 20%-25% of economic growth in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, growth has been uneven throughout the post-war period, with the Federation outpacing the RS. According to World Bank estimates, GDP growth was 62% in the Federation and 25% in the RS in 1996, 35% in the Federation and flat in the RS in 1997, and continued growth in the Federation in 1998.

Movement has been slow, but considerable progress has been made in economic reform since peace was re-established. Banking reform lagged, as did the implementation of privatization. Many companies (mainly factories) that were privatized faced massive problems, causing the owners to reduce salaries and deny the workers their salaries, and some of the new owners and tycoons destroy that factories.

 اتجاه الاقتصاد الكلي

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1997–2023.

ن.م.إ.
السنة	معدل النمو الحقيقي ن.م.إ.	ن.م.إ. للفرد
1997	29.9%	2,817
1998	28.9%	3,782
1999	9.5%	4,121
2000	5.2%	4,364
2001	3.6%	4,603
2002	5.0%	4,871
2003	3.5%	5,110
2004	6.3%	5,497
2005	4.3%	5,942
2006	6.2%	6,466
2007	6.5%	7,031
2008	5.4%	7,550
2009	-3.4%	7,361
2010	0.5%	7,428
2011	0.92%	8,063
2012	-0.70%	8,100
2013	6.5%	8,300
المصدر: IMF World economic outlook, October 2013

 الآن

رسم گرافيكي لصادرات البوسنة والهرسك في 28 تصنيف مميزة بالألوان.

صادرات البوسنة والهرسك في 2006.

إجمالي قيمة الاستثمار الأجنبية المباشر (1999–2011):

• 1999: 166 مليون يورو
• 2000: 159 مليون يورو
• 2001: 133 مليون يورو
• 2002: 282 مليون يورو
• 2003: 338 مليون يورو
• 2004: 534 مليون يورو
• 2005: 421 مليون يورو
• 2006: 556 مليون يورو
• 2007: 1.628 بليون يورو
• 2008: 1.083 بليون يورو
• 2009: 434 مليون يورو
• 2010: 359 مليون يورو
• 2011: 313 مليون يورو

من 1994 حتى 2011, 6.4 بليون يورو تم استثمارهم في البلاد.

أعلى البلدان المستثمرة (1994–2007):

• النمسا (1,294 مليون يورو)
• صربيا (773 مليون يورو)
• كرواتيا (434 مليون يورو)
• سلوڤنيا (427 مليون يورو)
• سويسرا (337 مليون يورو)
• ألمانيا (270 مليون يورو)
• إيطاليا (94.29 مليون يورو)
• هولندا (63.52 مليون يورو)
• الإمارات العربية (56.70 مليون يورو)
• تركيا (54.81 مليون يورو)
• جميع البلدان الأخرى (892.54 مليون يورو)

الاستثمارات الأجنبية حسب القطاع (1994–2007):

• 37.7% الصناعة
• 21% الصرافة
• 4.9% الخدمات
• 9.6% التجارة
• 0.30% النقل
• 1% السياحة

 سراييڤو

المقالة الرئيسية: Economy of Sarajevo

ARIA shopping and business center, also the headquarters of Al Jazeera Balkans

Sarajevo industries now include tobacco products, furniture, hosiery, automobiles, and communication equipment. Companies based in Sarajevo include BH Telecom, Bosnalijek, Energopetrol, FlyBosnia, Sarajevo Tobacco Factory, and Sarajevska Pivara (Sarajevo Brewery).

Sarajevo has a strong tourist industry and was named by Lonely Planet one of the top 50 "Best Cities in the World" in 2006. Sports-related tourism uses the legacy facilities of the 1984 Winter Olympics, especially the skiing facilities on the nearby mountains of Bjelašnica, Igman, Jahorina, Trebević, and Treskavica. Sarajevo's 600 years of history, influenced by both Western and Eastern empires, is also a strong tourist attraction. Sarajevo has hosted travellers for centuries, because it was an important trading center during the Ottoman and Austria-Hungarian empires.

Today, Sarajevo is one of the fastest developing cities in the region. Various new modern buildings have been built, most significantly the Bosmal City Center, ARIA Centar and the Avaz Twist Tower, which is one of the tallest skyscraper in the Balkans. A new highway was recently (2006–2011) completed between Sarajevo and the city of Kakanj. Due to growth in population, tourism and airport traffic the service sector in the city is developing fast and welcoming new investors from various businesses.

Sarajevo has one of the most representable commercial infrastructures in South-East Europe. The Sarajevo City Center is one of the biggest shopping centres in South-East Europe, after its completion in 2014. Airport Center Sarajevo which will be connected directly to the new airport terminal will offer a great variety of brands, products and services.

In 1981, Sarajevo's GDP per capita was 133% of the Yugoslav average.

In 2011, Sarajevo's GDP was estimated to be 16.76 billion US$ by the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, comprising 37% of the total GDP of the country.

 موستار

The construction of the largest trade center in Herzegovina – "Brodomerkur"

Mostar's economy relies heavily on tourism, aluminum and metal industry, banking services and telecommunication sector. The city is the seat of some of the country's largest corporations.

Along with Sarajevo, it is the largest financial center in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with two out of three largest banks in the country having their headquarters in Mostar. Bosnia-Herzegovina has three national electric, postal and telecommunication service corporations; These three companies banks and the aluminium factory make a vast portion of overall economic activity in the city.

Aluminij is one of the most influential companies in the city, region, but also country. In relation to the current manufacturing capacity it generates an annual export of more than €150 million. The partners with which the Aluminij does business are renowned global companies, from which the most important are: Venture Coke Company L.L.C. (Venco-Conoco joint Venture) from the US, Glencore International AG from Switzerland, Debis International trading GmbH, Daimler-Chrysler and VAW Aluminium Technologie GmbH from Germany, Hydro ASA from Norway, Fiat from Italy, and TLM-Šibenik from Croatia[5]. Mostar area alone receives an income of €40 million annually from Aluminij.

 پرييدور

Prijedor regional location.

Prijedor is the sixth largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is an economically prosperous municipality hosting a wide range of industries, services and educational institutions. The city's geographical location close to major European capitals has made it an important industrial and commercial hub nationally. It has a developed financial sector, 11 international banks are represented, 5 microcredit organizations and a foundation for development. The city's huge economic potential is in the strategic geographical location being close to Zagreb, Belgrade, Budapest and Vienna. Giving it one of the best climates for economic expansion in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The agricultural land around the city, raw minerals in the municipality and growth of high educated population in the city proper gives it a unique combination of both being able to produce sophisticated industrial products, food and service branches.

Companies

Zenica host today the Bosnian part of ArcelorMittal Steel Company, former RMK Zenica, which employ about 3000 workers, steel company from Luxembourg with over 320,000 employees in more than 60 countries. It also has companies specialized in the chemical industry such as Ferrox a.d., producing iron oxides-pigments. BosnaMontaza AD., one of Bosnias most specialized steel manufacturers, manufacturing: steel construction, pipelines, reservoirs, technological equipment, cranes and energy plants. Other companies such as the Croatian food company Kraš has one of its biggest facilities in Bosnia and Herzegovina in Prijedor, producing confectionery products under the brand names MIRA and Kraš. Brand names such as "Prijedorčanka" is one of the leading producers of the alcoholic beverage Rakija in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Prijedor is also a big enterprise producing cellulose and paper for export.

In 2022, the sector with the highest number of companies registered in Bosnia and Herzegovina is Services with 39,707 companies followed by Retail Trade and Wholesale Trade with 12,060 and 11,970 companies respectively.

Agricultural sector

Lake Saničani fish farm

Among this Prijedor has a fruit growing production, gardening production, crop farming production, mill and bakery industries, stock farming production, processing industries and a milk industry.

Lake Saničani, near Prijedor, is one of the biggest commercial fish-farming lakes in the southern Europe.

Prijedor municipality takes up 8340.6 hectares (5845.0 private property and 2495.6 state property). Plowed fields and gardens take up 340.26 hectares, orchards 23.86 hectares and vineyards 5 hectares. All cultivated soil takes up 402.06 hectares.

Service sector

The service sector in Prijedor is growing rapidly and this reflects in the growth of hotels, stores, roads, educational facilities and shoppings centers that are being built in the city. Making it a growing commercial hub in Bosnia and Hercegovina.

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 بانيا لوكا

Banja Luka west transit

Although the city itself was not directly affected by the Bosnian War in the early 1990s, its economy was. For four years, Banja Luka fell behind the world in key areas such as technology, resulting in a rather stagnant economy. However, in recent years, the financial services sector has gained in importance in the city. In 2002, the trading began on the newly established Banja Luka Stock Exchange. The number of companies listed, the trading volume and the number of investors have increased significantly. A number of big companies such as Telekom Srpske, Rafinerija ulja Modriča, Banjalučka Pivara and Vitaminka are all listed on the exchange and are traded regularly. Investors, apart from those from Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia, now include a number of investment funds from the European Union, Norway, the United States, Japan and China.

A number of financial services regulators, such as the Indirect Taxation Authority of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska Securities Commission and the RS Banking Agency are headquartered in Banja Luka. This, along with the fact that some of the major banks in Bosnia, the Deposit Insurance Agency and the Value-added tax (VAT) Authority are all based in the city, has helped Banja Luka establish itself as a major financial centre of the country.

In 1981 Banja Luka's GDP per capita was 97% of the Yugoslav average.

 Energy

The country has been a heavy user of energy compared with the EU, with artificially low prices providing a disincentive to make savings. Heavily reliant on lignite coal for power generation, in 2021 Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of very few countries still making plans to expand coal energy generation.

Statistics

2020 energy statistics

Production capacities for electricity (billion kWh) Type Amount Fossil fuel 26.27 Hydro 14.81 Wind power 0.62 Solar 0.12 Biomass 0.04 Total 41.86

Electricity (billion kWh) Category Amount Consumption 11.66 Production 16.96 Import 3.27 Export 7.32

Natural Gas (billion m3) Consumption 0.218 Import 0.218 CO2 emissions: 20.95 million tons

 Renewable power

Wind and Solar

The first wind farm was built in 2018.

The 2030 plan envisages 1.5 GW of solar power and 0.5 GW of wind power capacity being built.

Hydro power

In 2021 the country had around 2076 MW of installed hydropower capacity larger than 10 MW, with 180 MW of small hydropower units.

 Fossil fuels

Coal

In 2021 electricity production came from five main lignite coal power plants generating up to 2065 MW.

Tuzla Thermal Power Plant was supposed to close unit 4 in 2022 however the government has extended this lignite coal generators life. Kakanj Power Station was also supposed to have closed unit 5 in 2022 under the 2006 Energy Community Treaty.

Under the 2030 plan a number of coal power stations will close or convert to biomass.

• Breza coal mine
• Gacko coal mine
• Kakanj coal mine

• Kamengrad coal mine
• Kongora coal mine
• Stanari coal mine

• Tušnica coal mine
• Ugljevik coal mine
• Zenica coal mine

 السياحة

المقالة الرئيسية: السياحة في البوسنة والهرسك

Stari Most in Mostar, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

 البنية التحتية

Motorway on corridor Vc between Sarajevo and Visoko

 انظر أيضاً

• البنك المركزي في البوسنة والهرسك
• قائمة بنوك البوسنة والهرسك
• Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
• البوسنة والهرسك