ملف:A diversity of automatic recorders to monitor ecological communities non-invasively and remotely - Ele14123-fig-0002-m.jpg

English: A diversity of automatic recorders to monitor ecological communities non-invasively and remotely. (1) Vocalising birds being monitored by microphones deployed on trees. (2) Stridulating and drumming fishes being recorded by hydrophones attached to moorings. (3) Walking elephants producing ground vibrations perceived by geophones. (4) Fish shoal being detected by a sonar. (5) Oceanic glider navigating an Environmental Sampling Processor (ESP) to sample eDNA. (6) Bear being detected by camera traps fixed on trees. (7) Hyperspectral camera mounted on a drone and monitoring tree composition in a forest. (8) LiDAR sensor mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring multiple forest canopies. (9) Imaging flow cytometer attached to a mooring and recording planktonic communities. (10) Racoons being detected by thermal and IR cameras at night. (11) Stationary radar and a satellite radar, respectively, monitoring bird and large mammal populations. Recorder's ability to detect the presence of living organisms, count their numbers, classify them at the species level and measure their traits (e.g. behavioural, functional and morphological traits) is evaluated from 1 to 3 levels as follows: 1 bar corresponds to ‘in corner-case situations only’, 2 bars corresponds to ‘in specific conditions and on specific organisms (for detecting, counting and classifying) or for a limited number of features (for measuring)’, and 3 bars corresponds to ‘in most cases and for most organisms (for detecting, counting and classifying) and for several features (for measuring)’.