علاقة پلانك

علاقة پلانك (التي يشار إليها بإسم علاقة پلانك للطاقة-التردد، علاقة پلانك-آينشتاين، معادلة پلانك، وصيغة پلانك، though the latter might also refer to قانون پلانك) هي معادلة أساسية في ميكانيكا الكم تنص أن الطاقة E لفوتون، والمعروفة بإسم طاقة الفوتون، تتناسب مع تردده ν:

$$E=h\nu .$$

The constant of proportionality, h, is known as the Planck constant. Several equivalent forms of the relation exist, including in terms of angular frequency ω:

$$E=\hbar \omega ,$$

where $\hbar =h/2\pi$. Written using the symbol f for frequency, the relation is

$$E=hf.$$

The relation accounts for the quantized nature of light and plays a key role in understanding phenomena such as the photoelectric effect and black-body radiation (where the related Planck postulate can be used to derive Planck's law).

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 الصيغ الطيفية

Light can be characterized using several spectral quantities, such as frequency ν, wavelength λ, wavenumber ${\tilde {\nu }}$, and their angular equivalents (angular frequency ω, angular wavelength y, and angular wavenumber k). These quantities are related through

$$\nu ={\frac {c}{\lambda }}=c{\tilde {\nu }}={\frac {\omega }{2\pi }}={\frac {c}{2\pi y}}={\frac {ck}{2\pi }},$$

so the Planck relation can take the following "standard" forms:

$$E=h\nu ={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}=hc{\tilde {\nu }},$$

as well as the following "angular" forms:

$$E=\hbar \omega ={\frac {\hbar c}{y}}=\hbar ck.$$

The standard forms make use of the Planck constant h. The angular forms make use of the reduced Planck constant ħ = h/2π. Here c is the speed of light.

 علاقة دى برولي

انظر أيضاً: موجة مادية § علاقات دى برولي

The de Broglie relation, also known as de Broglie's momentum–wavelength relation, generalizes the Planck relation to matter waves. Louis de Broglie argued that if particles had a wave nature, the relation E = hν would also apply to them, and postulated that particles would have a wavelength equal to λ = h/p. Combining de Broglie's postulate with the Planck–Einstein relation leads to

$$p=h{\tilde {\nu }}$$

or

$$p=\hbar k.$$

The de Broglie relation is also often encountered in vector form

$$\mathbf {p} =\hbar \mathbf {k} ,$$

where p is the momentum vector, and k is the angular wave vector.

 شرط تردد بور

Bohr's frequency condition states that the frequency of a photon absorbed or emitted during an electronic transition is related to the energy difference (ΔE) between the two energy levels involved in the transition:

$$\Delta E=h\nu .$$

This is a direct consequence of the Planck–Einstein relation.

 انظر أيضاً

• Compton wavelength

 الببليوجرافيا المذكورة

• Cohen-Tannoudji, C., Diu, B., Laloë, F. (1973/1977). Quantum Mechanics, translated from the French by S.R. Hemley, N. Ostrowsky, D. Ostrowsky, second edition, volume 1, Wiley, New York, ISBN 0471164321.
• French, A.P., Taylor, E.F. (1978). An Introduction to Quantum Physics, Van Nostrand Reinhold, London, ISBN 0-442-30770-5.
• Griffiths, D.J. (1995). Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River NJ, ISBN 0-13-124405-1.
• Landé, A. (1951). Quantum Mechanics, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, London.
• Landsberg, P.T. (1978). Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, ISBN 0-19-851142-6.
• Messiah, A. (1958/1961). Quantum Mechanics, volume 1, translated from the French by G.M. Temmer, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
• Schwinger, J. (2001). Quantum Mechanics: Symbolism of Atomic Measurements, edited by B.-G. Englert, Springer, Berlin, ISBN 3-540-41408-8.
• van der Waerden, B.L. (1967). Sources of Quantum Mechanics, edited with a historical introduction by B.L. van der Waerden, North-Holland Publishing, Amsterdam.
• Weinberg, S. (1995). The Quantum Theory of Fields, volume 1, Foundations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 978-0-521-55001-7.
• Weinberg, S. (2013). Lectures on Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 978-1-107-02872-2.