جيرار ديزارگ Girard Desargues
جيرار ديزارگ | |
|---|---|
Girard Desargues | |
 | |
| وُلِدَ | 21 فبراير 1591 ليون، فرنسا |
| توفي | سبتمبر 1661 (عن عمر 70) ليون، فرنسا |
| عـُرِف بـ | مستوى ديزارگي، مستوى غير ديزارگي، مبرهنة ديزارگ، مخطط ديزارگ، Desargues configuration, فوهة ديزارگ |
| السيرة العلمية | |
| المجالات | الرياضيات |
جيرار ديزارگ (Girard Desargues ؛ بالفرنسية: [dezaʁɡ]؛ 21 فبراير 1591 - سبتمبر 1661) كان عالم رياضيات ومهندس فرنسي، يُعتبر أحد مؤسسي الهندسة الإسقاطية.[1] مبرهنة ديزارگ، مخطط ديزارگ، and the crater Desargues on the Moon are named in his honour.
Born in Lyon, Desargues came from a family devoted to service to the French crown. His father was a royal notary, an investigating commissioner of the Seneschal's court in Lyon (1574), the collector of the tithes on ecclesiastical revenues for the city of Lyon (1583) and for the diocese of Lyon.
Girard Desargues worked as an architect from 1645. Prior to that, he had worked as a tutor and may have served as an engineer and technical consultant in the entourage of Richelieu.
As an architect, Desargues planned several private and public buildings in Paris and Lyon. As an engineer, he designed a system for raising water that he installed near Paris. It was based on the use of the epicycloidal wheel, the principle of which was unrecognized at the time.
His research on perspective and geometrical projections can be seen as a culmination of centuries of scientific inquiry across the classical epoch in optics that stretched من الحسن بن الهيثم (Alhazen) to Johannes Kepler, and going beyond a mere synthesis of these traditions with Renaissance perspective theories and practices.[2]
His work was rediscovered and republished in 1864. A collection of his works was published in 1951,[3] and the 1864 compilation remains in print.[4] One notable work, often cited by others in mathematics, is "Rough draft for an essay on the results of taking plane sections of a cone" (1639).
Late in his life, Desargues published a paper with the cryptic title of DALG. The most common theory about what this stands for is Des Argues, Lyonnais, Géometre (proposed by Henri Brocard).
نزاعه مع بوگران
In 1636, the king's secretary Jean de Beaugrand had published a treatise entitled Geostatice on the form of the law of gravitation, a treatise whose demonstrations were contested by Descartes, Guy de La Brosse and Desargues, among others. Beaugrand in turn criticized Desargues's draft project by contesting the originality of the treatise's propositions, borrowed from Apollonius ' Conics . The quarrel festered until Beaugrand's death in 1642.
تطبيقات في الفن
From 1639, Girard Desargues opened a private course to teach craftsmen (stonemasons, carpenters, engravers, instrument makers) the applications of his technique of linear perspective, which implicitly introduced (by the fact that the parallel vanishing lines converge at infinity) and for the first time the idea of a point at infinity. The engraver Abraham Bosse , among others, attended this institution from 1641, and from then on became the most faithful propagandist of the method of the Lyonnaise geometer. On the other hand, architects and painters contested his methods. In reality, a conflict, the extent of which escapes us, was engaged, which must be compared with the fight waged by Abraham Bosse against the Academy. Desargues was in particular contested by the master mason and stonemason Jacques Curabelle, regarding the feasibility of his method. The controversy continued well after Desargues' death, with his theorems being contested by the Jesuits until the 18th century , after which they were no longer even known.
العودة إلى ليون والوفاة
The troubles of the Fronde prompted Desargues to return to Lyon in 1648. He stayed on the left bank of the Saône, in a house located on the Pont du Change , above the arch known as "des Merveilles".
From 1645 to 1651, Lyon acquired a new Town Hall on Place des Terreaux, built under the direction of Simon Maupin , city surveyor, with the help of Desargues for the architecture (facade, oval staircase, etc.) and Thomas Blanchet for the frescoes.
In 1651 , Desargues built the Olivier de Senozan hotel , located at number 1 rue du Colonel- Chambonnet [ 5 ] . This hotel, today called the Hôtel de l'Europe , has since housed a large number of sovereigns passing through Lyon [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] .
Owner of the Chateau-Grillet estate , near Condrieu , he cultivated vines there; he received his colleague Blaise Pascal there in 1652.
A letter from Huygens suggests that in 1660 Desargues had returned to Paris, because he was attending the Mylon Academy.
توفي في ليون.
أعماله
- Example of one of the universal ways of the SGDL touching on the practice of perspective without using any third point... [ archive ] , Paris, 1636, 12 p.
- Draft project of an attack on the events of the meetings of the cone with a plan [ archive ] , Paris, 1639, 30 p.
See Didier Nordon ’s “ Analysis ” [ archive ] on Bibnum
- Draft-project of an example of a universal manner concerning the practice of the trait with proofs for the cutting of stones , Paris, 1640, 4 p. + 5 pl.
- Draft of the SGDL concerning a universal way of setting the style and tracing the lines of a Quadran with the rays of the sun… , 1640 — Prospectus
- Six errors from pages 87, 118, 124, 128, 132, and 134 of the book entitled Practical Perspective Necessary for All Painters, Sculptors, Engravers, Architects, Goldsmiths, Embroiderers, Upholsterers, and Others Using Design , Paris, Melchior Tavernier and François Langlois, known as Chartres, 1642
انظر أيضاً
- Desarguesian plane، non-Desarguesian plane
- مبرهنة ديزارگ
- مخطط ديزارگ
- Desargues configuration
- Desargues (crater)
- Perspective (graphical) / Perspective (visual)
- Optics
المراجع
- ^ Swinden, B.A. "Geometry and Girard Desargues". The Mathematical Gazette. Vol. 34, No. 310 (Dec., 1950) p. 253
- ^ El-Bizri, Nader (2010). "Classical Optics and the Perspectiva Traditions Leading to the Renaissance". In Hendrix, John Shannon; Carman, Charles H. (eds.). Renaissance Theories of Vision (Visual Culture in Early Modernity). Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. pp. 11–30. ISBN 978-1-409400-24-0.; El-Bizri, Nader (2014). "Seeing Reality in Perspective: 'The Art of Optics' and the 'Science of Painting'". In Lupacchini, Rossella; Angelini, Annarita (eds.). The Art of Science: From Perspective Drawing to Quantum Randomness. Doredrecht: Springer. pp. 25–47.; El-Bizri, Nader (2016). "Desargues' oeuvres: On perspective, optics and conics". In Cairns, Graham (ed.). Visioning Technologies: The Architectures of Sight. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 36–51.
- ^ Desargues, Girard (1951). Taton, René (ed.). L'oeuvre mathématique de G. Desargues: Textes publiés et commentés avec une introd. biograph. et historique. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
- ^ Desargues, Girard (2011). Poudra, Noël Germinal (ed.). Oeuvres de Desargues. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108032582.
- J. V. Field & J. J. Gray (1987) The Geometrical Work of Girard Desargues, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-96403-7 .
- René Taton (1962) Sur la naissance de Girard Desargues., Revue d'histoire des sciences et de leurs applications Tome 15 n°2. pp. 165–166.
