نظرية الكوارث
نظرية الكوارث Catastrophism نظرية تقوم على افتراض التغيرات الجيولوجية المختلفة، مثل: أسطح عدم التوافق الكبيرة أو انقراض أنواع من الحفريات، نشأت عن قوى خارقة عنيفة ومفاجئة واسعة الانتشار، غطت معظم أنحاء الكرة الأرضية.[1] This is in contrast to uniformitarianism (sometimes described as gradualism), in which slow incremental changes, such as erosion, created all the Earth's geological features. The proponents of uniformitarianism held that the present was the key to the past, and that all geological processes (such as erosion) throughout the past were like those that can be observed now. Since the early disputes, a more inclusive and integrated view of geologic events has developed, in which the scientific consensus accepts that there were some catastrophic events in the geologic past, but these were explicable as extreme examples of natural processes which can occur.
Proponents of catastrophism proposed that the geological epochs had ended with violent and sudden natural catastrophes such as great floods and the rapid formation of major mountain chains. Plants and animals living in the parts of the world where such events occurred were made extinct, being replaced abruptly by the new forms whose fossils defined the geological strata. Some catastrophists attempted to relate at least one such change to the Biblical account of Noah's flood.
The concept was first popularised by the early 19th-century French scientist Georges Cuvier, who proposed that new life forms had moved in from other areas after local floods, and avoided religious or metaphysical speculation in his scientific writings.[2][3]
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تاريخ
الجيولوجيا والمعتقدات التوراتية
In the early development of geology, efforts were made in a predominantly Christian western society to reconcile biblical narratives of Creation and the universal flood with new concepts about the processes which had formed the Earth. The discovery of other ancient flood myths was taken as explaining why the flood story was "stated in scientific methods with surprising frequency among the Greeks", an example being Plutarch's account of the Ogygian flood.[4]
كوڤييه واللاهوتيون الطبيعيون
The leading scientific proponent of catastrophism in the early nineteenth century was the French anatomist and paleontologist Georges Cuvier. His motivation was to explain the patterns of extinction and faunal succession that he and others were observing in the fossil record. While he did speculate that the catastrophe responsible for the most recent extinctions in Eurasia might have been the result of the inundation of low-lying areas by the sea, he did not make any reference to Noah's flood.[2] Nor did he ever make any reference to divine creation as the mechanism by which repopulation occurred following the extinction event. In fact Cuvier, influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment and the intellectual climate of the French revolution, avoided religious or metaphysical speculation in his scientific writings.[3] Cuvier also believed that the stratigraphic record indicated that there had been several of these revolutions, which he viewed as recurring natural events, amid long intervals of stability during the history of life on earth. This led him to believe the Earth was several million years old.[5]
وجهات نظر Immanuel Velikovskys
التطبيق الحالي
Luis Alvarez impact event hypothesis
Comparison to uniformitarianism
Moon-formation
انظر أيضا
- Uniformitarianism
- Gradualism
- Paradigm shift
- Punctuated equilibrium (occasional periods of sudden change in evolution)
- Supervolcano
- Flood basalt
- Volcanic winter
- Glacial lake outburst flood
- Megatsunami
- History of geology
- History of paleontology
- Kronos: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Synthesis
- Pensée (Immanuel Velikovsky Reconsidered)
- Society for Interdisciplinary Studies
- Young Earth creationism
الهوامش
- ^ عبد الجليل هويدي، محمد أحمد هيكل (2004). أساسيات الجيولوجيا التاريخية. مكتبة الدار العربية للكتب.
- ^ أ ب قالب:Harvardnb
- ^ أ ب Rudwick 1972, pp. 133–134
- ^ قالب:Harvardnb
- ^ Rudwick 1972, p. 131
المصادر
- King, Clarence, Catastrophism and Evolution, The American Naturalist, Vol. 11, No. 8. (Aug., 1877), pp. 449–470.
- Lewin, R. (1993). Complexity, Dent, London, p. 75.
- Palmer, T. (1994) Catastrophism, Neocatastrophism and Evolution. Society for Interdisciplinary Studies in association with Nottingham Trent University. ISBN 0-9514307-1-8 (SIS) ISBN 0-905488-20-2 (Nottingham Trent University)
- Rudwick, Martin J.S. The Meaning of Fossils. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago 1972. ISBN 0-226-73103-0
- McGowan, Christopher The Dragon Hunters. Persus Publishing: Cambridge MA 2001. ISBN 0-7382-0282-7