كارل آور فون ڤلسباخ

(تم التحويل من Carl Auer von Welsbach)
Carl Auer von Welsbach
Auer von Welsbach.jpg
وُلِدَ
Carl Auer

(1858-09-01)1 سبتمبر 1858
Vienna, Austrian Empire
توفي4 أغسطس 1929(1929-08-04) (aged 70)
Welsbach Castle, Mölbling, Austria
الجنسيةAustrian
أسماء أخرىCarl Freiherr Auer von Welsbach
المدرسة الأمUniversity of Vienna
University of Heidelberg
اللقبrare-earth elements
discovery of praseodymium
discovery of neodymium
discovery of lutetium
lighting improvements
الزوجMarie Anna Nimpfer[1]
(1869–1950)[2]:83
الجوائزElliott Cresson Medal (1900)
Wilhelm Exner Medal (1921)
السيرة العلمية
المجالاتChemistry
المشرف على الدكتوراهRobert Bunsen
Auer von Welsbach's country house (Schloss Welsbach) في Mölbling، النمسا

Carl Auer von Welsbach (1 September 1858 – 4 August 1929),[3] who received the Austrian noble title of Freiherr Auer von Welsbach in 1901,[4][5] was an Austrian scientist and inventor, who separated didymium into the elements neodymium and praseodymium in 1885. He was also one of three scientists to independently discover the element lutetium (which he named cassiopeium), separating it from ytterbium in 1907, setting off the longest priority dispute in the history of chemistry.[6]

He had a talent not only for making scientific advances, but also for turning them into commercially successful products. His work on rare-earth elements led to the development of the ferrocerium "flints" used in modern lighters, the gas mantle that brought light to the streets of Europe in the late 19th century, and the metal-filament light bulb.[7][8] He took the phrase plus lucis, meaning "more light", as his motto.[9]

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النشأة

Carl Auer was born in Vienna on 1 September 1858 to Alois Auer and his wife, Therese Neuditschka.[1] He was the youngest of four children, his elder siblings being Leopoldine, Alois and Amalie. His father, ennobled in 1860 (as Alois Ritter Auer von Welsbach),[10] was director of the Imperial printing office (K.-k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei) in the days of the Austrian Empire.[2]:1–3,6

Carl went to high schools in Mariahilf and Josefstadt. He attended the Realschule Josefstadt from 1873 to 1877, matriculating on July 16, 1877.[6][11]

Next, he joined the Austro-Hungarian Army for one year of voluntary military service.[2]:132 He was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant. He joined on October 1, 1877, and received his patent as a lieutenant on December 15, 1878.[11]

In 1878, Auer entered the University of Vienna, studying mathematics, general chemistry, engineering physics, and thermodynamics. He then moved to the University of Heidelberg in 1880, where he continued his studies in spectroscopy under the direction of Robert Bunsen, (inventor of the Bunsen burner).[11][12] In 1882, he received his Ph.D. degree and returned to Vienna to work as an unpaid assistant in Professor Adolf Lieben's laboratory, working with chemical separation methods for investigations on rare-earth elements.[2]:132[11]


الأرضية النادرة

النيوديميوم والپراسيوديميوم

  • Purified neodymium

    Purified neodymium

  • Purified praseodymium

    Purified praseodymium

In 1885, Auer von Welsbach used a method of fractional crystallization that he had developed himself to separate the alloy didymium into its two parts, for the first time. It had previously been believed to be an element. After 167 crystallizations, Auer von Welsbach differentiated it into two colored salts: he named the green colored salt "praseodymium" and the pink one "neodidymium". He announced his achievement to the Vienna Academy of Sciences on 18 June 1885. His achievement was approved by Bunsen, but met with considerable skepticism from others.[12][13][2]:36–40[14]

The name "neodidymium" is derived from the Greek words neos (νέος), new, and didymos (διδύμος), twin. The name praseodymium comes from the Greek prasinos (πράσινος), meaning "green".[15][16] In naming both elements, and not leaving the original name didymium to the more-abundant component, Auer von Welsbach diverged from established practice, which was to give a new name only to the less-abundant component. Nonetheless, his name for the major fraction, neodidymium, after some modification, became the name of the element neodymium. Praseodymium was also accepted as the name of the minor fraction.[17]

اللوتتيوم والإيتربيوم

  • إيتربيوم

    إيتربيوم

  • لوتتيوم منقى

    لوتتيوم منقى

The rare earth element lutetium was independently discovered by three scientists at around the same time in 1907: French scientist Georges Urbain, Austrian Auer von Welsbach, and American Charles James.[18][9] All three were successful in separating the substance then known as ytterbium into two new fractions. To name the newly discovered fraction, Urbain suggested the name "lutecium", for the Roman city of Lutetia that preceded Paris. Auer von Welsbach suggested the name "cassiopeium". James' work was not yet published when the other's work appeared, and he did not involve himself in subsequent disputes. Lutetium, a slight modification of Urbain's name, was eventually accepted after a long battle between Urbain and Welsbach.[2]:47–55[18][6]

ابتكارات في الإضاءة

Gas mantle

Welsbach Mantle advertisement, 1910
A gas mantle burning at full brightness

On 23 September 1885, Auer von Welsbach received a patent on his development of the gas mantle, which he called Auerlicht, using a chemical mixture of 60% magnesium oxide, 20% lanthanum oxide and 20% yttrium oxide, which he called Actinophor.[2]:64–67 To produce a mantle, guncotton is impregnated with a mixture of Actinophor and then heated, the cotton eventually burns away, leaving a solid (albeit fragile) ash, which glows brightly when heated.[12][6] These original mantles gave off a green-tinted light and were not very successful, and his first company formed to sell them failed in 1889.[2]:69

In 1890 he introduced a new form of the mantle based on a mixture of 99% thorium dioxide and 1% cerium(IV) oxide, which he developed in collaboration with his colleague Ludwig Haitinger.[2]:72[19][20][21][6] These proved both more robust and having a much "whiter" light. Another company founded to produce the newer design was formed in 1891, working with fellow student from the university Ignaz Kreidl, and the device quickly spread throughout Europe.[22][23] [24]

In the United States this technique was adopted by The Coleman Company and became their logo for the company. In the 1980s it was reported that Thorium's radio-daughters (Decay products) could be volatilized and released into the air upon incandescence of the mantle.[25][26] A lawsuit (Wagner v. Coleman) was brought against Coleman. The company changed its formulation to use non-radioactive materials, which apparently cost less and last longer.[27][28]

Metal-filament light bulb

Auer von Welsbach then started work on development of metal-filament mantles, first with platinum wiring, and then osmium. Osmium is very difficult to work with, but he developed a new method, which mixed osmium oxide powder with rubber or sugar into a paste, which is then squeezed through a nozzle and fired. The paste burns away, leaving a fine wire of osmium.[2]:105–111[6]

Although originally intended to be a new mantle, it was during this period that electricity was being introduced into the market, and he started experimenting with ways to use the filaments as a replacement for the electric arc light. He worked on this until finally developing a workable technique in 1898 and started a new factory to produce his Auer-Oslight, which he introduced commercially in 1902. The metal-filament light bulb was a huge improvement on the existing carbon-filament designs, lasting much longer, using about half the electricity for the same amount of light, and being much more robust.[2]:105–111[6]

Lighting flint

In 1903 Auer von Welsbach won another patent for a fire striker ("flint") composition named ferrocerium. It takes its name from its two primary components: iron (from لاتينية: ferrum), and the rare-earth element cerium. It is also known in Europe as "Auermetall" after its inventor. Three different Auermetalls were developed: the first was iron and cerium, the second also included lanthanum to produce brighter sparks, and the third added other heavy metals. In Auer von Welsbach's first alloy, 30% iron (ferrum) was added to purified cerium, hence the name "ferro-cerium". [29]

Welsbach's flints consisted of pyrophoric alloys, 70% cerium and 30% iron, which when scratched or struck would give off sparks. This system remains in wide use in cigarette lighters today. In 1907 he formed Treibacher Chemische Werke GesmbH to build and market the devices.[2]:92–98

أبحاث في الراديوم

For the rest of his life Auer von Welsbach turned again to "pure" chemistry. He worked largely on his estate at Welsbach Castle (Schloß Welsbach) near Treibach near Althofen.[9] In addition to his work on elements and minerals, he made advances in the development of photographic techniques. He was also a devoted gardener, carefully supporting rare and difficult-to-grow plants in his garden, and breeding new varieties of roses and apple trees.[30][31]

He published a number of papers on chemical separation and spectroscopy, working on radioactive elements as early as 1904.[31]:190 In 1910, one of his companies helped to establish Vienna as a center of radiation research by producing the first major quantity of radium chloride (3-4 grams) in Europe.[31]:218–219

In 1910, Auer von Welsbach reported a "mysterious observation", the induction of radioactivity in an inactive substance when exposed to a radioactive substance. Based on his report, it is possible that he may have been the first to observe neutron activation.[32]

Between 1907 and 1918, Auer von Welsbach focused on isolating preparations of actinium and thorium as by-products of radium extraction.[31]:218–219 He kept up an active correspondence with physicist Stefan Meyer, managing director of the Institute for Radium Research, Vienna, to discuss the extraction of actinium. Meyer and his staff do not appear to have had the chemical knowledge to understand Auer von Welsbach's methods, and Auer von Welsbach resigned around 1917.[31]

During World War I, he had difficulty finding staff to carry out research. After the war, he was active in supporting the work of the Institute, and other scientists.[31] He presented a major paper on his spectroscopic work and the separation of radioactive elements in 1922.[11][33] The following photographs show scientific equipment from Auer von Welsbach's laboratory, from "Spektroskopische Methoden der analytischen Chemie" (1922).[33]

  • Figure I, Early version of spark apparatus

    Figure I, Early version of spark apparatus

  • Figure II, Later version of spark apparatus

    Figure II, Later version of spark apparatus

  • Figure III

    Figure III

  • Figure IV, Spectral comparison panel in very reduced scale

    Figure IV, Spectral comparison panel in very reduced scale

  • Figure V, Comparative apparatus for spectra

    Figure V, Comparative apparatus for spectra


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التخليد

ملف:2008 Austria 25 Euro Fascination Light back.jpg
Fascination Light 2008 Euro commemorative coin, niobium and silver.[34]
Monument in Vienna

In 2008 (150 years after his birth), Auer von Welsbach was selected as a main motif for a high-value collectors' coin: the Austrian €25 Fascination Light.[34] The reverse has a partial portrait of Auer on the left-hand side. The sun shines in the middle of the green niobium pill, while several methods of illumination from the gas light from incandescent light bulbs and neon lamps to modern light-emitting diodes spread out around the silver ring.[35][36]

He was also depicted on postage stamps of 1936,[37] 1954[38] and 2012.[39]

جوائز وتكريم

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب Alfred Anthony von Siegenfeld. Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Adeligen Haeuser Oesterreichs (in German). p. 55. ISBN 978-5-88073-613-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س Adunka, Roland; Orna, Mary Virginia (May 12, 2018). Carl Auer von Welsbach: Chemist, Inventor, Entrepreneur. Springer. ISBN 9783319779058. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  3. ^ "Karl Auer Dead. Noted Lamp Inventor; Welsbach Incandescent Gas Mantel Made Him Wealthy. A Leading Chemist". The New York Times. August 6, 1929. Retrieved 2010-10-08. Karl Baron Auer von Weisbach, famous Austrian inventor of the incandescent gas mantle, died in his seventy-second year at his castle in Corinthia yesterday ...
  4. ^ Die Umschau (in German). H. Bechhold verlagsbuchhandlung. 1910. p. 177.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  5. ^ Daniel Wolter; Egon Reuter (25 October 2005). Preis- und Handelskonzepte in der Stromwirtschaft (in German). Springer-Verlag. p. 37. ISBN 978-3-8244-0765-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  6. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Adunka, Roland (2000). "Carl Auer von Welsbach - Das Lebenswerk eines österreichischen Genies" (PDF). Plus Lucis (January): 24–26. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  7. ^ أ ب "Carl Auer von Welsbach". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  8. ^ Iles, George (1906). Inventors at Work: With Chapters on Discovery. New York: Doubleday, Page. pp. 155–.
  9. ^ أ ب ت ث Marshall, James L.; Marshall, Virginia R. (2002). "Rediscovery of the Elements: Althofen, Austria and Auer von Welsbach" (PDF). The Hexagon (Spring): 8–10. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  10. ^ Gravestone of the Auer von Welsbach family in Vienna, Wikimedia Commons.
  11. ^ أ ب ت ث ج "Dr. Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858 - 1929)". Borg Althofen. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  12. ^ أ ب ت ث Weeks, Mary Elvira (1956). The discovery of the elements (6th ed.). Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education.
  13. ^ Weeks, Mary Elvira (October 1932). "The discovery of the elements. XVI. The rare earth elements". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (10): 1751. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1751W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1751.
  14. ^ v. Welsbach, Carl Auer (1885). "Die Zerlegung des Didyms in seine Elemente" [Breaking down the didymic into its elements]. Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften (in الألمانية). 6 (1): 477–491. doi:10.1007/BF01554643. S2CID 95838770.
  15. ^ Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). "Neodymium. Elements". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. p. 4.23. ISBN 9781498754293.
  16. ^ Emsley, John (2003). Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 268–270. ISBN 0-19-850340-7.
  17. ^ Thornton, Brett F.; Burdette, Shawn C. (24 January 2017). "The neodymium neologism". Nature Chemistry. 9 (2): 194. Bibcode:2017NatCh...9..194T. doi:10.1038/nchem.2722. PMID 28282053.
  18. ^ أ ب "Separation of Rare Earth Elements by Charles James". National Historic Chemical Landmarks. American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  19. ^ Bunzli, Jean-Claude; Pecharsky, Vitalij (2016). Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths: Including Actinides. North Holland. p. 24. ISBN 9780444638526.
  20. ^ Simonini, Angelo (1909). "Notes on chemical luminescence of rare earths". Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society. Illuminating Engineering Society. IV: 647–648. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  21. ^ Barrows, Geo. S. (1909). "The work of Dr. Carl Auer von Welsbach in the field of artificial illuminants". Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society. Illuminating Engineering Society. IV: 575–576. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  22. ^ "20 Schilling 1956, Austria". Notes Collection. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  23. ^ Stock, John T. (October 1991). "Carl Auer von Welsbach and the development of incandescent gas lighting". Journal of Chemical Education. 68 (10): 801. Bibcode:1991JChEd..68..801S. doi:10.1021/ed068p801.
  24. ^ أ ب Birkinbine, John (1900). "The Welsbach Light". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 150 (December): 406–415. Bibcode:1900Sci....12..951.. doi:10.1016/S0016-0032(00)90042-5. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  25. ^ Luetzelschwab, John W.; Googins, Shawn W. (April 1984). "Radioactivity Released from Burning Gas Lantern Mantles". Health Physics. 46 (4): 873–881. doi:10.1097/00004032-198404000-00013. PMID 6706595.
  26. ^ Anderson, Mary (1982). "The Hidden Radioactive Danger of Mantle Lamps". Mother Earth News. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  27. ^ Veronese, Keith (2012). "The Thorium Lantern: Your Opportunity for Retail Radiation Exposure". Gizmodo.
  28. ^ "Incandescent Gas Lantern Mantles". ORAU. 1999. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  29. ^ van Weert, Ad; Bromet, Joop; van Weert, Alice (1995). The Legend of the Lighter. New York: Abbeville Press. p. 45.
  30. ^ أ ب "Info". Auer von Welsbach Museum. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  31. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Löffler, Gerd (2017). "Carl Auer von Welsbach und sein Beitrag zur frühen Radioaktivitätsforschung" [Carl Auer von Welsbach and his contribution to early radioactivity research] (PDF). Mitteilungen, Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker / Fachgruppe Geschichte der Chemie (Frankfurt/Main) (in الألمانية). 25: 190–226. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  32. ^ Steinhauser, Georg; Adunka, Roland; Hainz, Dieter; Löffler, Gerd; Musilek, Andreas (9 January 2017). "New Forensic Insight into Carl Auer von Welsbach's 1910 Observation of Induced Radioactivity: Theoretical, Experimental and Historical Approaches". Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. 41 (4): 297–318. doi:10.1080/03080188.2016.1251731. S2CID 151854505.
  33. ^ أ ب Auer von Welsbach, Carl (1922). "Spektroskopische Methoden der analytischen Chemie (Vorgelegt in der Sitzung am 13. Juli 1922, Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien)". Monatshefte für Chemie/Chemical Monthly. 43: 387–403. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  34. ^ أ ب "Fascination Light 25 Euro Silver Niobium Coin". Muenze Oesterreich AG – Austrian Mint (in الإنجليزية and الألمانية). Vienna, Austria: Austrian Mint. 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2019. The technology developed by Austrian lighting pioneer Carl Auer von Welsbach is still in use in billions of light bulbs around the world today. The stunning 2008 edition 25 euro silver niobium coin celebrates the 150th anniversary of his birth.... Born in Vienna in 1858, chemist and entrepreneur Carl Auer von Welsbach was one of the key figures in the development of the gas lamp. The obverse of this coin therefore shows...such a lamp being lit outside Vienna's neo-gothic city hall.... The reverse depicts the sun, the ultimate source of light, a portrait of Carl Auer von Welsbach and, in the Sterling silver outer ring, the evolution of lighting technology
  35. ^ "Austrian Mint Releases Silver and Niobium Coin Celebrating the "Fascination of Light" by Austrian Mint". Coin News.net. March 19, 2008.
  36. ^ "The fascination of light: the core for the new 25 Euro coin from Plansee". Plansee. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  37. ^ Carl Auer von Welsbach, Postage stamp 1936, Colnect
  38. ^ 5th Memorial Anniversary of Dr. Carl Auer-Welsbach, Postage stamp 1954, Colnect
  39. ^ Sammler- und Geschenksideen, Postage stamp 2012
  40. ^ "Carl Freiherr Auer von Welsbach (1858-1929)". Escutcheons of Science. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  41. ^ "CARL AUER VON WELSBACH – Ringträger 1920". Stiftung Werner-von-Siemens-Ring. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  42. ^ "Carl Auer von Welsbach, Wilhelm Exner Medaille 1921". Wilhelm Exner Medaillen Stiftung. 2017-02-26. Retrieved 19 December 2019.

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