اختراق العام

(تم التحويل من Breakthrough of the Year)

اختراق العام، هي جائزة سنوية تمنحها مجلة ساينس الصادرة عن الجمعية الأمريكية لتقدم العلوم، لأهم عمل في مجال البحث العلمي. نشأت الجائزة عام 1989 باسم جزيء العام، وهي مستوحاة من شخصية العام التي تمنحها مجلة تايم، وتغير اسمها إلى "اختراق العام" سنة 1996. ويـُعتبر اختراق العام من أكثر الجوائز العلمية تميزاً.

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جزيء العام


اختراع العام

أفضل عشر اختراقات علمية والفائزين كل عام.

انظر أيضاً

أهم 10 اختراقات للعام:

المصادر

  1. ^ R. L. Guyer; D. E. Koshland, Jr. (1989). "The Molecule of the Year". Science. 246 (4937): 1543–1546. doi:10.1126/science.2688087. PMID 2688087. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ D. E. Koshland, Jr. (1990). "The Molecule of the Year". Science. 250 (4988): 1637. Bibcode:1990Sci...250.1637K. doi:10.1126/science.250.4988.1637.
  3. ^ D. E. Koshland, Jr. (1991). "Molecule of the Year". Science. 254 (5039): 1705. Bibcode:1991Sci...254.1705K. doi:10.1126/science.254.5039.1705.
  4. ^ D. E. Koshland, Jr. (1992). "The Molecule of the Year". Science. 258 (5090): 1861. Bibcode:1992Sci...258.1861K. doi:10.1126/science.1470903. PMID 1470903.
  5. ^ D. E. Koshland, Jr. (1993). "Molecule of the Year". Science. 262 (5142): 1953. Bibcode:1993Sci...262.1953K. doi:10.1126/science.8266084. PMID 8266084.
  6. ^ D. E. Koshland, Jr. (1994). "Molecule of the Year: the DNA repair enzyme". Science. 266 (5193): 1925. Bibcode:1994Sci...266.1925K. doi:10.1126/science.7801114. PMID 7801114.
  7. ^ Michael Balter (1996). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. New Hope in HIV Disease". Science. 274 (5295): 1988–1991. Bibcode:1996Sci...274.1988.. doi:10.1126/science.274.5295.1988.
  8. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi (1997). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Cloning: The Lamb That Roared". Science. 278 (5346): 2038–2039. Bibcode:1997Sci...278.2038P. doi:10.1126/science.278.5346.2038.
  9. ^ James Glanz (1998). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. ASTRONOMY: Cosmic Motion Revealed". Science. 282 (5397): 2156–2157. Bibcode:1998Sci...282.2156G. doi:10.1126/science.282.5397.2156a.
  10. ^ Gretchen Vogel (1999). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Capturing the Promise of Youth". Science. 286 (5448): 2238–2239. doi:10.1126/science.286.5448.2238. PMID 10636772.
  11. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi (2000). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Genomics Comes of Age". Science. 290 (5500): 2220–2221. doi:10.1126/science.290.5500.2220. PMID 11188701.
  12. ^ Robert F. Service (2001). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Molecules Get Wired". Science. 294 (5551): 2442–2443. doi:10.1126/science.294.5551.2442. PMID 11752536.
  13. ^ Jennifer Couzin (2002). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Small RNAs Make Big Splash". Science. 298 (5602): 2296–2297. doi:10.1126/science.298.5602.2296. PMID 12493875.
  14. ^ Charles Seife (2003). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Illuminating the Dark Universe". Science. 302 (5653): 2038–2039. doi:10.1126/science.302.5653.2038. PMID 14684787.
  15. ^ Richard A. Kerr (2004). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. On Mars, a Second Chance for Life". Science. 306 (5704): 2010–2012. doi:10.1126/science.306.5704.2010. PMID 15604365.
  16. ^ Elizabeth Culotta, Elizabeth Pennisi (2005). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Evolution in Action". Science. 310 (5756): 1878–1879. doi:10.1126/science.310.5756.1878. PMID 16373538.
  17. ^ Dana Mackenzie (2006). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. The Poincaré Conjecture—Proved". Science. 314 (5807): 1848–1849. doi:10.1126/science.314.5807.1848. PMID 17185565.
  18. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi (2007). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Human Genetic Variation". Science. 318 (5858): 1842–1843. doi:10.1126/science.318.5858.1842. PMID 18096770.
  19. ^ Gretchen Vogel (2008). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Reprogramming Cells". Science. 322 (5909): 1766–1767. doi:10.1126/science.322.5909.1766. PMID 19095902.
  20. ^ Ann Gibbons (2009). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Ardipithecus ramidus". Science. 326 (5960): 1598–1599. Bibcode:2009Sci...326.1598G. doi:10.1126/science.326.5960.1598-a. PMID 20019252.
  21. ^ Adrian Cho (2010). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. The First Quantum Machine". Science. 330 (6011): 1604. Bibcode:2010Sci...330.1604C. doi:10.1126/science.330.6011.1604. PMID 21163978.
  22. ^ Jon Cohen (2011). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. HIV Treatment as Prevention". Science. 334 (6063): 1628. Bibcode:2011Sci...334.1628C. doi:10.1126/science.334.6063.1628. PMID 22194547.
  23. ^ "Breakthrough of the Year, 2012". Science.
  24. ^ Jenifer Couzin-Franken (20 December 2013). "Cancer Immunotherapy". Science. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  25. ^ Eric Hand (19 December 2014). "Comet rendezvous". Science. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  26. ^ Travis, John (2015-12-18). "Making the cut | Science". Sciencemag.org. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
  27. ^ Cho, Adrian (2016). "The cosmos aquiver". Science. 354 (6319): 1516–1517. doi:10.1126/science.354.6319.1516. PMID 28008020.
  28. ^ "Ripples in spacetime: Science's 2016 Breakthrough of the Year". Adiran Cho. AAAS. 22 December 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  29. ^ "The runners-up". Science. 354 (6319): 1518–1523. 2016. doi:10.1126/science.354.6319.1518. PMID 28008021.
  30. ^ "Breakthrough of the year 2017". Science | AAAS (in الإنجليزية). 22 December 2017.
  31. ^ Cho, Adrian (2017). "Cosmic convergence". Science. 358 (6370): 1520–1521. doi:10.1126/science.358.6370.1520. PMID 29269456.
  32. ^ Stokstad, Erik; Pennisi, Elizabeth; Kaiser, Jocelyn; Cohen, Jon; Couzin-Frankel, Jennifer; Voosen, Paul; Gibbons, Ann; Cho, Adrian (2017). "The runners up". Science. 358 (6370): 1522. doi:10.1126/science.358.6370.1522. PMID 29269457.
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