حصار ڤيكسبرگ

حصار ڤيكسبرگ Siege of Vicksburg
جزء من الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية
حصار ڤيكسبرگ بريشة Kurz and Allison
التاريخ May 18 – July 4, 1863 الموقع مقاطعة وارن، مسيسپي 32°20′36.96″N 90°51′3.96″W النتيجة Union victory
المتحاربون
الولايات المتحدة	الولايات الكونفدرالية
القادة والزعماء
يوليسيس گرانت	جون پمبرتون
الوحدات المشاركة
جيش التنسي	جيش المسيسپي
القوى
∼ 77,000	∼ 33,000
الضحايا والخسائر
4,835 total (766 killed  3,793 wounded  276 captured/missing)	32,697 total (3,202 قتيل/جريح/مفقود  29,495 استسلموا)
Vicksburg class=notpageimage| الموقع داخل ولاية مسيسپي الكونفدرالية Vicksburg Vicksburg (الولايات المتحدة)

حصار ڤيكسبرگ Siege of Vicksburg ‏(18 مايو – 4 يوليو 1863) كانت آخر عمل عسكري كبير في حملة ڤيكسبرگ في الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية. ففي سلسلة من المناورات، Union Maj. Gen. يوليسيس گرانت and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate Army of Mississippi, led by Lt. Gen. جون پمبرتون, into the defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi.

Vicksburg was the last major Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River; therefore, capturing it completed the second part of the Northern strategy، الخطة أناكوندا. When two major assaults (May 19 and 22, 1863) against the Confederate fortifications were repulsed with heavy casualties, Grant decided to besiege the city beginning on May 25. After holding out for more than forty days, with their reinforcement and supplies nearly gone, the garrison finally surrendered on July 4.

The successful ending of the Vicksburg Campaign significantly degraded the ability of the Confederacy to maintain its war effort, as described in the Aftermath section of the campaign article. Some historians—e.g., Ballard, p. 308—suggest that the decisive battle in the campaign was actually the Battle of Champion Hill, which, once won by Grant, made victory in the subsequent siege a foregone conclusion. This action (combined with the surrender of ميناء هدسون to Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks on July 9) yielded command of the Mississippi River to the Union forces, who would hold it for the rest of the conflict.

The Confederate surrender on July 4, 1863 is sometimes considered, when combined with Gen. Robert E. Lee's defeat at Gettysburg by Maj. Gen. George Meade, the turning point of the war. It cut off the states of Arkansas, لويزيانا, and Texas from the rest of the Confederate States, effectively splitting the Confederacy in two for the duration of the war. The Union victory also permanently severed communication between the Trans-Mississippi Department and the balance of the Confederacy.

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 خلفية

 الوضع العسكري

المقالة الرئيسية: حملة ڤيكسبرگ

للمزيد من المعلومات: المسرح الغربي للحرب الأهلية الأمريكية and الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية

عمليات گرانت ضد ڤيكسبرگ

  الكونفدرالي

  الاتحادي

 القوات المتقابلة

قادة الجيوش في ڤيكسبرگ
Maj. Gen. يوليسيس گرانت، جيش التنسي، USA Lt. Gen. جون پمبرتون، جيش المسيسپي, CSA

 الحصار

 الهجوم

هجمات 19 مايو على ڤيكسبرگ

هجمات 22 مايو على ڤيكسبرگ

 عمليات الحصار

حصار ڤيكسبرگ. قادة الفيالق والفرق يظهرون للفترة 23 يونيو - 4 يوليو.

 الحفاظ على ميدان المعركة

Vicksburg National Military Park
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
national military park
Statue of General Grant at Vicksburg National Military Park
الموقع	ڤيكسبرگ، مسيسپي و دلتا، لويزيانا، الولايات المتحدة
المساحة	1,852.75 acres (749.78 ha)
بُنيَ	February 21, 1899 (February 21, 1899)
الطراز المعماري	Greek Revival
الزوار	703,484 (2005)
NRHP reference No.
أضيف إلى NRHP	October 15, 1966

 انظر أيضاً

• Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1863
• List of costliest American Civil War land battles
• Commemoration of the American Civil War
• Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps
• Vicksburg National Military Park
• Armies in the American Civil War

 المراجع

• Ballard, Michael B. Vicksburg, The Campaign that Opened the Mississippi. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8078-2893-9.
• Bearss, Edwin C. The Campaign for Vicksburg. 3 vols. Dayton, OH: Morningside House, 1985. ISBN 978-0-89029-312-6.
• Catton, Bruce. The Centennial History of the Civil War. Vol. 3, Never Call Retreat. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1965. ISBN 0-671-46990-8.
• Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
• Esposito, Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. OCLC 5890637. The collection of maps (without explanatory text) is available online at the West Point website.
• Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 2, Fredericksburg to Meridian. New York: Random House, 1958. ISBN 0-394-49517-9.
• Gabel, Christopher R., Staff ride handbook for the Vicksburg Campaign, December 1862-July 1863. Fort Leavenworth, Kan.: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2001. OCLC 47296103.
• Grabau, Warren E. Ninety-Eighty Days: A Geographer's View of the Vicksburg Campaign. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2000. ISBN 1-57233-068-6.
• Grant, Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant. 2 vols. Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885–86. ISBN 0-914427-67-9.
• Kennedy, Frances H., ed. The Civil War Battlefield Guide. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. ISBN 0-395-74012-6.
• Korn, Jerry, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. War on the Mississippi: Grant's Vicksburg Campaign. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1985. ISBN 0-8094-4744-4.
• McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-19-503863-0.
• Smith, Jean Edward. Grant. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84927-5.
• Simon, John Y., ed. The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant. Vol. 8, April 1 – July 6, 1863. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-8093-0884-3.
• National Park Service battle description
• CWSAC Report Update
• Various resources from the University Libraries Division of Special Collections, The University of Alabama.
• U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.

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 للاستزادة

• Ballard, Michael B. Grant at Vicksburg: The General and the Siege. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0-8093-3240-3.
• Bearss, Edwin C. Receding Tide: Vicksburg and Gettysburg: The Campaigns That Changed the Civil War. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4262-0510-1.
• Groom, Winston. Vicksburg, 1863. New York: Knopf, 2009. ISBN 978-0-307-26425-1.
• Rawley, James A. (1966). Turning Points of the Civil War. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8935-9. OCLC 44957745.
• Shea, William L. and Terrence J. Winschel. Vicksburg is the Key: The Struggle for the Mississippi River. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8032-9344-1.
• Solonick, Justin S. (7 April 2015). Engineering Victory: The Union Siege of Vicksburg. Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-3392-9.
• Winschel, Terrence J. Triumph & Defeat: The Vicksburg Campaign. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing Company, 1999. ISBN 1-882810-31-7.
• Winschel, Terrence J. Triumph & Defeat: The Vicksburg Campaign, Vol. 2. New York: Savas Beatie, 2006. ISBN 1-932714-21-9.
• Winschel, Terrence J. Vicksburg: Fall of the Confederate Gibraltar. Abilene, TX: McWhiney Foundation Press, 1999. ISBN 978-1-893114-00-5.
• Woodworth, Steven E..ed. Grant's Lieutenants: From Cairo to Vicksburg. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001. ISBN 0-7006-1127-4.
• Woodworth, Steven E.. Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990. ISBN 0-7006-0461-8.
• Woodworth, Steven E.. Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861–1865. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. ISBN 0-375-41218-2.

 وصلات خارجية

• Vicksburg Battlefield: Battle maps, photos, history articles, and battlefield news (Civil War Trust)
• Vicksburg Campaign animated map (Civil War Trust)
• National Park Service, Vicksburg
• Vicksburg Virtual Museum Exhibit, National Park Service
• Animated map of the Siege of Vicksburg (Civil War Trust)
• Animated history of the Siege of Vicksburg
• C-SPAN American History TV Tour of Vicksburg National Military Park