پاريس الكبرى

Coordinates: 48°51′36″N 2°20′40″E / 48.8600°N 2.3444°E / 48.8600; 2.3444
(تم التحويل من منطقة باريس الكبرى)
Métropole du Grand Paris
Métropole du Grand Paris.svg
البلدفرنسا
المنطقةإيل دو فرانس
عدد البلدات131
تأسس1 يناير 2016
المقرپاريس
المساحة
 • الإجمالي814 كم² (314 ميل²)
التعداد
 (2014)
 • الإجمالي7٬068٬810
 • الكثافة8٬700/km2 (22٬000/sq mi)
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.metropolegrandparis.fr

Métropole du Grand Paris (بالفرنسية: [metʁopɔl dy ɡʁɑ̃ paʁi], meaning roughly "Metropolis of Greater Paris"[note 1]) is an administrative structure for cooperation covering the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs that surround it. The métropole came into existence on January 1, 2016 and comprises 131 communes. It includes the City of Paris, all 123 communes in the surrounding inner-suburban departments of the Petite Couronne (Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne), plus seven communes in two of the outer-suburban departments, including the communes of Argenteuil in Val-d'Oise, and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne, the latter of which covers part of Orly airport.[1] Part of the métropole comprised the Seine department, which existed from 1929 to 1968. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometers and has a population of 7 million.[2][3]

The Métropole is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. Its responsibilities include urban planning, housing, and protection of the environment.

The Métropole du Grand Paris should not be confused with the Grand Paris Express, a new transportation system being developed independently to connect the Departments in the Paris suburbs.

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التاريخ

The idea of Greater Paris was originally proposed by former French President Nicolas Sarkozy as "a new global plan for the Paris metropolitan region"[4] It first led to a new transportation master plan for the Paris region and to plans to develop several areas around Paris. The "Métropole du Grand Paris" was defined by the law of 27 January 2014 on the modernization of public territorial action and affirmation of cities as part of Act III of decentralization. The plans were considerably modified in December 2015, and the passage into action in two competences, economic development and protection of the environment, was delayed from 2016 to 2017.


الأهداف

The original plan for the Métropole declared these objectives; "The Métropole of Grand Paris is established in order to define and implement metropolitan action to improve the quality of life of its residents, reduce inequalities between regions within it, to develop an urban, social and economic sustainability model, tools to improve attractiveness and competitiveness for the benefit of the entire national territory. The Métropole of Grand Paris is developing a metropolitan project. The residents are associated with its development according to the guidelines determined by the metropolitan council as laid down by the development council. This metropolitan project defines the general guidelines of the policy pursued by the Métropole of Grand Paris. It forms part of the implementation of the overall scheme of the Ile-de-France region. It includes a general, social, economic and environmental analysis of the metropolitan area, the strategic guidelines for the development of the metropolis as well as priority areas for intervention. The Metro project can be developed with the support of the Land and Technical Agency of the Paris Region, the International Workshop on Greater Paris, the Urban Planning Agencies and any other useful body. "[بحاجة لمصدر]

نقد

The way Le Grand Paris has been handled was criticized by the architects themselves, especially by Jean Nouvel who wrote several virulent editorials against the Minister in charge of Le Grand Paris until June 2010, Christian Blanc.[5]

Politically, the President of the Île-de-France region, Jean-Paul Huchon and the Mayor of Paris, Bertrand Delanoë, both members of the French Socialist Party opposed the initiatives taken by the national government, which they said were in contradiction with the devolution of urban planning matters to local governments. In October 2011, Delanoë stated that the President "is trying to claim for himself an urban dynamic begun long ago by the local governments".[6] Although Huchon had reached an agreement with the national government earlier in the year on the transportation network, he also declared that Grand Paris "is not a generic term to cover everything that is going on on the territory of the Île-de-France region (...) and even less a national certificate created to relabel local policies that were already in existence."[6] Political opposition was also strong from the Green Party (Europe Écologie), led in the Île-de-France region by Cécile Duflot.

البلدات

The Métropole du Grand Paris consists of the following 131 communes:[1][3][7]

  1. Ablon-sur-Seine
  2. Alfortville
  3. Antony
  4. Arcueil
  5. Argenteuil
  6. Asnières-sur-Seine
  7. Athis-Mons
  8. Aubervilliers
  9. Aulnay-sous-Bois
  10. Bagneux
  11. Bagnolet
  12. Le Blanc-Mesnil
  13. Bobigny
  14. Bois-Colombes
  15. Boissy-Saint-Léger
  16. Bondy
  17. Bonneuil-sur-Marne
  18. Boulogne-Billancourt
  19. Le Bourget
  20. Bourg-la-Reine
  21. Bry-sur-Marne
  22. Cachan
  23. Champigny-sur-Marne
  24. Charenton-le-Pont
  25. Châtenay-Malabry
  26. Châtillon
  27. Chaville
  28. Chennevières-sur-Marne
  29. Chevilly-Larue
  30. Choisy-le-Roi
  31. Clamart
  32. Clichy
  33. Clichy-sous-Bois
  34. Colombes
  35. Coubron
  36. Courbevoie
  37. La Courneuve
  38. Créteil
  39. Drancy
  40. Dugny
  41. Épinay-sur-Seine
  42. Fontenay-aux-Roses
  43. Fontenay-sous-Bois
  44. Fresnes
  45. Gagny
  46. Garches
  47. La Garenne-Colombes
  48. Gennevilliers
  49. Gentilly
  50. Gournay-sur-Marne
  51. L'Haÿ-les-Roses
  52. L'Île-Saint-Denis
  53. Issy-les-Moulineaux
  54. Ivry-sur-Seine
  55. Joinville-le-Pont
  56. Juvisy-sur-Orge
  57. Le Kremlin-Bicêtre
  58. Les Lilas
  59. Levallois-Perret
  60. Limeil-Brévannes
  61. Livry-Gargan
  62. Maisons-Alfort
  63. Malakoff
  64. Mandres-les-Roses
  65. Marnes-la-Coquette
  66. Marolles-en-Brie
  67. Meudon
  68. Montfermeil
  69. Montreuil
  70. Montrouge
  71. Morangis
  72. Nanterre
  73. Neuilly-Plaisance
  74. Neuilly-sur-Marne
  75. Neuilly-sur-Seine
  76. Nogent-sur-Marne
  77. Noiseau
  78. Noisy-le-Grand
  79. Noisy-le-Sec
  80. Orly
  81. Ormesson-sur-Marne
  82. Pantin
  83. Paray-Vieille-Poste
  84. Paris
  85. Les Pavillons-sous-Bois
  86. Périgny
  87. Le Perreux-sur-Marne
  88. Pierrefitte-sur-Seine
  89. Le Plessis-Robinson
  90. Le Plessis-Trévise
  91. Le Pré-Saint-Gervais
  92. Puteaux
  93. La Queue-en-Brie
  94. Le Raincy
  95. Romainville
  96. Rosny-sous-Bois
  97. Rueil-Malmaison
  98. Rungis
  99. Saint-Cloud
  100. Saint-Denis
  101. Saint-Mandé
  102. Saint-Maur-des-Fossés
  103. Saint-Maurice
  104. Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine
  105. Santeny
  106. Savigny-sur-Orge
  107. Sceaux
  108. Sevran
  109. Sèvres
  110. Stains
  111. Sucy-en-Brie
  112. Suresnes
  113. Thiais
  114. Tremblay-en-France
  115. Valenton
  116. Vanves
  117. Vaucresson
  118. Vaujours
  119. Villecresnes
  120. Ville-d'Avray
  121. Villejuif
  122. Villemomble
  123. Villeneuve-la-Garenne
  124. Villeneuve-le-Roi
  125. Villeneuve-Saint-Georges
  126. Villepinte
  127. Villetaneuse
  128. Villiers-sur-Marne
  129. Vincennes
  130. Viry-Châtillon
  131. Vitry-sur-Seine

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  1. ^ There is no official or widely-used English translation yet.

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب "Décret n° 2015-1212 du 30 septembre 2015 constatant le périmètre fixant le siège et désignant le comptable public de la métropole du Grand Paris | Legifrance". Retrieved 2017-06-28.
  2. ^ "The Metropole of Grand Paris a mastodon of 7 million persons" (in الفرنسية). Le Parisien. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  3. ^ أ ب BANATIC, Périmètre des EPCI à fiscalité propre. Accessed 2017-06-28.
  4. ^ (2007-09-17). Retrieved on 2011-10-28.
  5. ^ Jean Nouvel (2010-05-19). "Mais enfin, Monsieur Blanc!". Le Monde.
  6. ^ أ ب Sibylle Vincendon (2011-10-11). "Pour Delanoë, Sarkozy n'est pas propriétaire du Grand Paris!". Libération. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
  7. ^ INSEE

للاستزادة

  • Walter Wells, "Big Plans for Grand Paris," France Today (June 2009), Vol. 24 Issue 6, pp 10–12

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Metropolis in France 48°51′36″N 2°20′40″E / 48.8600°N 2.3444°E / 48.8600; 2.3444