لناپي

(تم التحويل من لينابي)
من أجل استخدامات أخرى، انظر لناپي (توضيح).
لناپي
Lenape Languages.png
لناپي‌هوكينگ، الأراضي اللناپي الأصلية.[1] Munsee speakers in the north,
Unami-speakers in the center, and Unalichtigo-speakers in the south[2][3]
إجمالي التعداد
Estimated 16,000[4]
المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة
 الولايات المتحدة ( اوكلاهوما)11.195 (2010)[5]
 الولايات المتحدة ( ويسكنسن)1.565[6]
اللغات
الإنگليزية, المونسي، والأونامي[4]
الدين
المسيحية، الكنيسة الأمريكية الأصلية،
الديانة القبلية التقليدية
الجماعات العرقية ذات الصلة
شعوب ألگونكويان أخرى

لناپي Lenape ( /ləˈnɑːpi/)، هي قبيلة أمريكية أصلية وحكومة نطاق الأمم الأولى.[4] يطلق عليهم أيضاً هنود ديلاوير[7] حيث أن أراضيهم التاريخية كانت على إمتداد الأفق الجبلية المحيطة بمستجمع نهر ديلاوير، غرب لونگ آيلاند ووادي هدسن السفلي.[notes 1]

نتيجة للاضطرابات والإرادة السياسية للسكان البيض في أعقاب الحرب الثورية الأمريكية والتطورات اللاحقة مثل المواقف المعبرة التي أطلق عليها لاحقاً بيان القدر، والتي أدت جزئياً إلى ترحيل الهنود من شرق الولايات المتحدة، الجماعات الرئيسية التي تعيش حالياً في اونتاريو (كندا)، وسكنسنن واوكلاهوما.[8]

جني بوب وابنتها، نيلي لونگهيت (كلاهما من ديلاوير)، اوكلاهوما، 1915[9]

معظم اللناپي طُردوا من أراضيهم بسبب توسع المستعمرات الأوروپية في القرن 18 بعد الخسائر الناجمة عن الصراعات القبلية.[7] أصيبت تجمعات اللناپي بالضعف بعد الأمراض الدخيلة حديثاً، وخاصة السل، والعنف من قبل الأوروپيين. كان شعب الإروكويس يتقاتل أحياناً مع اللناپي. انتقل الناجون من اللناپي إلى الغرب داخل حوض نهر اوهايو العلوي. الحرب الثورية الأمريكية واستقلال الولايات المتحدة دفعهم إلى الاتجاه غرباً. في ستينيات القرن التاسع عشر، أرسلت الحكومة الأمريكية معظم من تبقى من اللناپي إلى الولايات المتحدة الشرقية حتى الأراضي الأمريكية بموجب سياسة ترحيل الهنود. في القرن 21، يقيم معظم اللناپي حالياً في ولاية اوكلاهوما، وتوجد بعض التجمعات أيضاً في وسكنسن، اونتاريو (كندا) وفي أراضيهم التقليدية.

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الاسم

الأراضي

المقالة الرئيسية: لناپي‌هوكينگ

اللغات

المجتمع

Susie Elkhair (d. 1926) of the Delaware Tribe of Indians, wearing ribbonwork shawl


التاريخ

التواصل الأوروپي

الفترة الاستعمارية المبكرة

القرن 17

Benjamin West's painting (in 1771) of William Penn's 1682 treaty with the Lenape


القرن 18

Lapowinsa, Chief of the Lenape, Lappawinsoe painted by Gustavus Hesselius in 1735.


النزوح



القرن 19

إنديانا إلى ميزوري

دورهم في التاريخ الغربي

محمية كنساس

اوكلاهوما

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تكساس

القرن 20

القرن 21

القبائل والمنظمات المعاصرة

الجماعات المنظمة فدرالياً

الأمم الكندية الأولى

الولايات المتحدة الشرقية

الولايات المتحدة الوسطى

الأدب والثقافة الشعبية

مشاهير اللناپي

انظر أيضاً

وثائقيات

  1. ^ Description of the Lenape peoples (Delaware nations) historic territories inside the divides of the frequently mountainous landforms flanking the Delaware River's drainage basin. These terrains encompass from South to North and then counter-clockwise:
    • the shores from the east-shore mouth of the river and the sea coast to Western Long Island (all of both colonial New York City and New Jersey), and
    • portions of Western Connecticut up to the latitude of the Massachusetts corner of today's boundaries — making the eastern bounds of their influence, thence their region extended:
    • westerly past the region around Albany, NY to the Susquehanna River side of the Catskills, then
    • southerly through the eastern Poconos outside the rival Susquehannock lands past Eastern Pennsylvania then southerly past the site of Colonial Philadelphia past the west bank mouth of the Delaware and extending south from that point along a stretch of sea coast in northern colonial Delaware.

    The Susquehanna-Delaware watershed divides bound the frequently contested 'hunting grounds' between the rival Susquehannock peoples and the Lenape peoples, whilst the Catskills and Berkshires played a similar boundary role in the northern regions of their original colonial era range.

المصادر

الحواشي

  1. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة n10
  2. ^ Fariello, Leonardo A. "A Place Called Whippany", Whippanong Library, 2000 (retrieved 19 July 2011)
  3. ^ Kraft, The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage,[صفحة مطلوبة]
  4. ^ أ ب ت Pritzker 422
  5. ^ "Pocket Pictorial." Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 2010: 13. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  6. ^ "Stockbridge-Munsee Band of Mohican Indians", Wisconsin Tribes, official state website
  7. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة josephy
  8. ^ http://www.nj.gov/state/historical/pdf/lenape-guide.pdf
  9. ^ "Art on the Prairies: Delaware", All About the Shoes. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
  10. ^ S. H. Mitchell (1895)[صفحة مطلوبة]
  11. ^ Killbuck, Ohio History Central. July 1, 2005

المراجع

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  • Carman, Alan, E. Footprints in Time: A History and Ethnology of The Lenape-Delaware Indian Culture. Trafford Publishing, 2013. ISBN 978-1-4669-0742-3.
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  • Dreibelbis, Dana E., "The Use of Microstructural Growth Patterns of Mercenaria Mercenaria to Determine the Prehistoric Seasons of Harvest at Tuckerton Midden, Tuckerton, New Jersey," pp. 33, thesis, Princeton University, 1978.
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  • Fur, Gunglong. A Nation of Women: Gender and Colonial Encounters Among the Delaware Indians (Early American Studies). University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-8122-2205-0.
  • Goddard, Ives (1978). "Delaware". In Bruce G. Trigger (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15: Northeast. Washington. pp. 213–239.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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  • Harrington, Mark. A Preliminary Sketch of Lenape Culture. New Era Printing Company, 1913. قالب:ASIN.
  • Harrington, Mark. Religion and Ceremonies of the Lenape. Forgotten Books, 2012. قالب:ASIN.
  • Harrington, Mark R. Vestiges of Material Culture Among the Canadian Delawares. New Era Printing Company, 1908. قالب:ASIN.
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  • Hoffecker, Carol E., Richard Waldron, Lorraine E. Williams, and Barbara E. Benson (editors). New Sweden in America. University of Delaware Press, 1995.
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  • Jennings, Francis. The History and Culture of Iroquois Diplomacy: An Interdisciplinary Guide to the Treaties of the Six Nations and Their League. Syracuse University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-8156-2650-3.
  • Johnson, Amandus. The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware: Their History and Relation to the Indians, Dutch and English, 1638-1664 : With an Account of the South, the New Sweden Company, and the American Companies, and the Efforts of Sweden to Regain the Colony. University of Pennsylvania, 1911. قالب:ASIN.
  • Editor: Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., by The editors of American Heritage Magazine (1961). "The American Heritage Book of Indians". In pages 188-189 (ed.). ,. American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc. LCCN 61014871. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link)
  • Kalter, Susan (editor). Benjamin Franklin, Pennsylvania, and the First Nations: The Treaties of 1736-62. University of Illinois Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-252-03035-2.
  • Kraft, Herbert. The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage, 10,000 BC to AD 2000. Lenape Books, 2001. ISBN 978-0-935137-03-3.
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  • Lindestrom, Peter. (Transcribed and edited by Amandus Johnson of the Swedish Colonial Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Geographia Americae: With an Account of the Delaware Indians, Based on Surveys and Notes made in 1654-1656 by Peter Lindestrom. Arno Press, 1979. ISBN 978-0-405-11648-3.
  • Marsh, Dawn G. A Lenape Among the Quakers: The Life of Hannah Freeman. University of Nebraska Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0-8032-4840-3.
  • Middleton, Sam (Chief Mountain, “Neen Ees To-ko). Blackfoot Confederacy, Ancient and Modern. Kainai Chieftainship, 1951.
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  • Myers, Albert Cook. William Penn’s Own Account of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians. Middle Atlantic Press, 1981. ISBN 978-0-912608-13-6.
  • Myers, Albert Cook (editor). Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey and Delaware, 1630-1707. Nabu Press, 2012. ISBN 978-1-279-95624-3.
  • Newcomb, William W. The Culture and Acculturation of the Delaware Indians. University of Michigan, 1956. قالب:ASIN.
  • Newman, Andrew. On Records: Delaware Indians, Colonists, and the Media of History and Memory. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-8032-3986-9.
  • Olmstead, Earl P. Blackcoats Among the Delaware: David Zeisberger on the Ohio Frontier. Kent State University Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-87338-434-6.
  • Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1.
  • Repsher, Donald R. “Indian Place Names in Bucks County.” As cited in http://www.lenapenation.org/main.html. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
  • Rice, Phillip W. English-Lenape Dictionary. N.P., N.D. See http://www.lenapenation.org/main.html.
  • Schutt, Amy C. Peoples of the River Valleys: The Odyssey of the Delaware Indians (Early American Studies). University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8122-2024-7.
  • Spady, James. "Colonialism and the Discursive Antecedents of Penn's Treaty with the Indians". Daniel K. Richter and William A. Pencak, eds. Friends and Enemies in Penn's Woods: Indians, Colonists, and the Racial Construction of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004: 18–40.
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  • Wallace, Paul, A.W. Indian Paths of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1998. ISBN 978-0-89271-090-4.
  • Weslager, Clinton, Alfred (C.A). A Brief Account of the Indians of Delaware. Literary Licensing, LLC, 2012. ISBN 978-1-258-23895-7.
  • Weslager, C.A. A Man and His Ship: Peter Minuit and the Kalmar Nyckel. Middle Atlantic Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0-9625563-1-9.
  • Weslager, C.A. Delaware’s Buried Past: A Story of Archeological Adventure. Rutgers University Press, 1968. قالب:ASIN.
  • Weslager, C.A. Delaware's Forgotten Folk: The Story of the Moors and Nanticokes. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-8122-1983-8.
  • Weslager, C.A. Delaware’s Forgotten River: The Story of the Christina. Hambleton Company, 1947. قالب:ASIN.
  • Weslager, C.A., and A. R. Dunlap. Dutch Explorers, Traders And Settlers In The Delaware Valley, 1609-1664. Literary Licensing, LLC, 2011. ISBN 978-1-258-17789-8.
  • Weslager, C.A. Magic Medicines of the Indians. Signet, 1974. قالب:ASIN.
  • Weslager, C.A. New Sweden on the Delaware (Middle Atlantic Press, 1988). ISBN 0-912608-65-X.
  • Weslager, C.A. Red Men on the Brandywine (New and Enlarged Edition). Hambleton Company, 1953. قالب:ASIN.
  • Weslager, C.A. The Delaware Indians: A History. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1972. ISBN 0-8135-0702-2.
  • Weslager, C.A. The Delaware Indian Westward Migration: With the Texts of Two Manuscripts, 1821-22, Responding to General Lewis Cass’s Inquiries about Lenape Culture and Language. Middle Atlantic Press, 1978. ISBN 978-0-912608-06-8.
  • Weslager, C.A. The English on the Delaware: 1610-1682. Rutgers University Press, 1967. ISBN 978-0-8135-0548-0.
  • Weslager, C.A. The Nanticoke Indians: A Refugee Tribal Group of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1948). قالب:ASIN.
  • Weslager, C.A. The Swedes and Dutch at New Castle. Middle Atlantic Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0-912608-50-1.
  • Zeisberger, David. A Lenâpé-English Dictionary: From An Anonymous [Manuscript] In The Archives Of The Moravian Church At Bethlehem, [Pennsylvania]. Nabu Press, 2012. ISBN 978-1-278-79951-3.
  • Zeisberger, David. David Zeisberger's History of Northern American Indians (Classic Reprint). Forgotten Books, 2012. قالب:ASIN.
  • Zeisberger, David. Grammar of the Language of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians. Forgotten Books, 2012. قالب:ASIN.
  • Zeisberger, David. The Diary of David Zeisberger: A Moravian Missionary Among the Ohio Indians, Volume 1. Ulan Press, 2012. قالب:ASIN.
  • Zeisberger, David. The Diary of David Zeisberger: A Moravian Missionary Among the Ohio Indians, Volume 2. Ulan Press, 2012. قالب:ASIN.
  • Zeisberger, David. Zeisberger’s Indian Dictionary: English, German, Iroquois—The Onondaga and Algonquin—The Delaware. Harvard University Press, 1887. ISBN 1-104-25351-8. “The Delaware" that Zeisberger translated was Munsee, and not Unami.


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قراءات إضافية

  • Adams, Richard Calmit, The Delaware Indians, a brief history, Hope Farm Press (Saugerties, NY 1995) [originally published by Government Printing Office, (Washington, DC 1909)]
  • Bierhorst, John. The White Deer and Other Stories Told by the Lenape. New York: W. Morrow, 1995. ISBN 0-688-12900-5
  • Brown, James W. and Rita T. Kohn, eds. Long Journey Home ISBN 978-0-253-34968-2. Indiana University Press (2007).
  • Grumet, Robert Steven (2009). The Munsee Indians: a history. Civilization of the American Indian. Vol. 262. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-4062-9. OCLC 317361732.
  • Kraft, Herbert: The Lenape: Archaeology, History, and Ethnography. New Jersey Historical Society, 1987. ISBN 978-0-911020-14-4.
  • Kraft, Herbert. The Lenape or Delaware Indians: The Original People of New Jersey, Southeastern New York State, Eastern Pennsylvania, northern Delaware and parts of western Connecticut. Lenape Books, 1996. ISBN 978-0-935137-01-9.
  • O'Meara, John, Delaware-English / English-Delaware dictionary, Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1996) ISBN 0-8020-0670-1.
  • Otto, Paul, The Dutch-Munsee Encounter in America: The Struggle for Sovereignty in the Hudson Valley (New York: Berghahn Books, 2006). ISBN 1-57181-672-0
  • Pritchard, Evan T., Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin People of New York. Council Oak Books: San Francisco, 2002, 2007. ISBN 1-57178-107-2.
  • Richter, Conrad, The Light In The Forest. New York: 1953.

وصلات خارجية

معرفة المصادر بها نص من a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica مقالة about Lenape.
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=لناپي&oldid=1757809"