سلطنة أوسا
Sultanate of Aussa سلطنة أوسا | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1734–1936 | |||||||||
 العلم | |||||||||
| العاصمة | أوسا | ||||||||
| اللغات المشتركة | العفرية، العربية | ||||||||
| الدين | الإسلام السني | ||||||||
| الحكومة | ملكية | ||||||||
| السلطان | |||||||||
• 1734–1749 | كدافو | ||||||||
| التاريخ | |||||||||
• تأسست | 1734 | ||||||||
• انحلت | 1936 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
سلطنة أوسا كانت مملكة تواجدت في منطقة العفر بشرق إثيوپيا في القرنين 18 و 19. وكانت تُعتبر الملكية الرئيسية للعفر، التي كان يجلـّها حكام العفر الآخرون ويعترفون لها بالأولوية.
ضـُمـَّت السلطنة إلى شرق أفريقيا الإيطالي في 1936، وأصبحت جزءاً من إثيوپيا في 1945، بالرغم من استمرار سلطة اسمية ومعنوية لسلاطين العفر الذين يدينون بالولاء لإمبراطور الحبشة/إثيوبيا واستمرت المنطقة في الاستمتاع باستقلال ذاتي ضمن إثيوپيا في عقدي ع1950 و ع1970.
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التاريخ
إمامة أوسا
Afar society has traditionally been divided into petty kingdoms, each ruled by its own Sultan.[1]
إمامة أوسا اِقتـُطِعت من كلٍ من سلطنة هرر وسلطنة عدل في 1577، حين نقل محمد جاسا عاصمته من هرر إلى أوسا (أسايتا) مع فصم سلطنة عدل إلى أوسا وسلطنة هرر.[2]
في 1647، the rulers of the Emirate of Harar broke away to form their own polity. The Imamate of Awsa was later destroyed by the local Mudaito Afar in 1672. Following the Awsa Imamate's demise, the Mudaito Afars founded their own kingdom, the Sultanate of Aussa. At some point after 1672, Aussa declined in conjunction with Imam Umar Din bin Adam's recorded ascension to the throne.[2]
السلطنة
In 1734, the Afar leader Data Kadafo, head of the Mudayto clan, seized power and established the أسرة مودايتو.[3][4] This marked the start of a new and more sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period.[4] The primary symbol of the Sultan was a silver baton, which was considered to have magical properties.[5] The influence of the sultanate extended into the Danakil lowlands of what is now Eritrea.[6]
After 15 years of rule, Kadafo's son, Muhammäd Kedafu, succeeded him as Sultan. Muhammäd Kadafo three decades later bequeathed the throne to his own son, Aydahis, who in turn would reign for another twenty-two years. According to Richard Pankhurst, these relatively long periods of rule by modern standards pointed to a certain degree of political stability within the state.[4]
هزم السلطان محمد بن حنفدي ڤرنر مونزنگر وقتله في 1875، الذي كان يقود جيشاً مصرياً إلى إثيوپيا.[7]
الفترة الاستعمارية
في 1865, the newly unified Italy bought Asseb from a local Sultan (which became the colony of Eritrea in 1890), and led Sultan Mahammad to sign several treaties with that country. As a result, the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II stationed an army near Aussa to "make sure the Sultan of Awsa would not honor his promise of full cooperation with Italy" during the First Italo–Ethiopian War.[8]
أثناء الحرب الإيطالية الحبشية الثانية, the Sultan Mahammad Yayyo (grand son of Mohammed Hanfade illalta) agreed to cooperate with the Italian invaders.[9] As a result, in 1943 the reinstalled Ethiopian government sent a military expedition that captured Sultan Muhammad Yayo and made one of his relatives Sultan.[10]
ضمن إثيوپيا المعاصرة
في 1975، نـُفِيَ السلطان علي مرح حنفري إلى السعودية، إلا أنه عاد بعد سقوط نظام الدرگ في 1991.
Sultan Alimirah often came into conflict with the central government over its encroachment on the authority of the Sultanate. Aussa, which had been more-or-less self-governing until the Sultan's ascension in 1944, had been greatly weakened in power by the centralising forces of Haile Selassie's government. In 1950 he withdrew from Asaita for two years in opposition, returning only two after following mediation by Fitawrari Yayyo.[11] The Sultan sought to unite the Afar people under an autonomous Sultanate, while remaining part of Ethiopia; they had been divided amongst the provinces of Hararghe, Shewa, Tigray, and Wollo.[12]
In 1961, when it was clear the Eritrean federal arrangement was headed towards its demise, 55 Afar chieftains in Eritrea met and endorsed the idea of an Ethiopian Afar autonomy. Following the dissolution of Eritrea's federal government and its transformation into a centrally-administered province, Afar leaders met again in Assab in 1963 and supported the creation of an autonomous region. In 1964 Afar leaders went to Addis Ababa to present Haile Selassie with their proposal, but the effort came up empty-handed.[12] Despite these encroachments and conflicts, the Sultan remained fundamentally loyal to the Emperor and Ethiopia; in turn, while he did not achieve the autonomous sultanate he desired, he enjoyed an appreciable level of autonomy in the areas of the Sultanate, almost unique amongst the many petty kingdoms incorporated into the Ethiopian state in the late 19th century. For example, while the government appointed a governor to the awrajja (district) of Aussa proper, the governor, rather than taking up residence in the capital of Asaita, instead sat in Bati, which was outside the district entirely.[13]
Upon Alimirah Hanfere's death in 2011, his son Hanfere Alimirah was named his successor as sultan.[14]
قائمة السلاطين
- Kandhafo 1734–1749
- Kadhafo Mahammad ibn Kadhafo 1749–1779
- Aydahis ibn Kadhafo Mahammad 1779–1801
- Aydahis ibn Mahammad ibn Aydahis 1801–1832
- Hanfadhe ibn Aydahis 1832–1862
- Mahammad „Illalta“ ibn Hanfadhe 1862–1902
- Mahammad ibn Aydahis ibn Hanfadhe 1902–1910
- يايو بن محمد بن حنفدي 1902–1927
- محمد يايو 1927–1944
- علي مرح حنفري 1944–1975, 1991–2011
- حنفدي علي مرح 2011-
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ Matt Phillips, Jean-Bernard Carillet, Lonely Planet Ethiopia and Eritrea, (Lonely Planet: 2006), p.301.
- ^ أ ب Abir, p. 23 n.1.
- ^ Abir, pp. 23-26.
- ^ أ ب ت Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. ISBN 0932415199.
- ^ Trimingham, p. 262.
- ^ AESNA (1978). In defence of the Eritrean revolution against Ethiopian social chauvinists. AESNA. p. 38. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
Later in their history, the Denkel lowlands of Eritrea were part of the Sultanate of Aussa which came into being towards the end of the sixteenth century.
- ^ Edward Ullendorff, The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People, second edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 90. ISBN 0-19-285061-X.
- ^ Chris Proutky, Empress Taytu and Menilek II (Trenton: The Red Sea Press, 1986), p. 143. ISBN 0-932415-11-3.
- ^ Anthony Mockler, Haile Selassie's War (Brooklyn: Olive Branch Press, 2003), p. 111.
- ^ Trimingham, p. 172.
- ^ "Sultan Ali Mirah Hanfare Passed Away". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
- ^ أ ب Yasin, Yasin Mohammed (2008). "Political history of the Afar in Ethiopia and Eritrea1" (PDF). GIGA Institute of African Affairs. 42 (1): 39–65. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
- ^ Zewde, Bahru (March 2012). "Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers (Review)". Africa Review of Books. 8 (1): 7–9.
- ^ AFAR News Toronto v.01 (July 2011) Archived 2016-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
المراجع
- Mordechai Abir, The era of the princes: the challenge of Islam and the re-unification of the Christian empire, 1769-1855 (London: Longmans, 1968).
- J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952).