زيل

(تم التحويل من زاڤود إيمني ليخاتشيڤا)
هذا المقال هو عن the Soviet−Russian vehicle manufacturer. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر Zil (disambiguation).
OJSC AMO-ZiL
سابقاً
  • AMO (1916–1931)
  • ZiS (1931–1956)
النوعJoint-stock
رمز التداولMCX: ZILL
MCX: ZILLP
الصناعةAutomotive
Defence
تأسست1916 (1916)
انحلت2013 Edit this on Wikidata
المقر الرئيسي
Moscow
،
Russia
الأشخاص الرئيسيون
  • Igor Zakharov (CEO)
  • Konstantin Laptev (General Director, 2002–present)
المنتجات
  • Luxury automobiles
  • Heavy road vehicles
  • Offroad vehicles
  • Military vehicles
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المالكCity of Moscow Property Department[1]
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.amo-zil.ru

OJSC AMO ZiL, known fully as the Public Joint-Stock Company – Likhachov Plant (روسية: Публичное акционерное общество – Завод имени Лихачёва, romanized: Publichnoye aktsionernoye obshchestvo – Zavod imeni Likhachyova) and more commonly called ZiL (روسية: ЗиЛ), was a major Russian automobile, truck, military vehicle, and heavy equipment manufacturer that was based in Moscow.

The last ZiL vehicle was assembled in 2012. The company continues to exist only as real-estate development site, on which a new urban district will be built by the LSR Group construction company.[2]

1916 plan for the AMO factory
Plant buildings facade at Avtozavodskaya street, demolished in 2014

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History

Comprehensive development of the territory of ZIL (July 2016).

The factory was founded on 2 August 1916 as the Moscow Automotive Society or AMO (روسية: Автомобильное Московское Общество (АМО), romanized: Avtomobilnoe Moskovskoe Obshchestvo (AMO)). The factory was completed in 1917, just before the Revolution, and was built south of Moscow near Moscow River in Tjufeleva grove. It was a modern building with the latest in American equipment and was designed to employ 6,000 workers.[3] The plans were to produce Fiat F-15 1.5-ton trucks under license. Because of the October Revolution and the subsequent Russian Civil War, it took until 1 November 1924 to produce the first vehicle which was shown at a parade on 7 November, the AMO-F-15. Nevertheless, the factory still managed to assemble trucks bought from Italy in 1917–1919. On April 30, 1923 the factory was named after an Italian communist Pietro Ferrero, but in 1925 was renamed to First National Automobile Factory (Russian: 1-й Государственный автомобильный завод). 2 years later in 1927 Ivan Likhachev was appointed as a head of the factory, a person whose name the factory bears from 1956. In April 1929, it was agreed on to expand the plant to build Autocar 2.5-ton truck models.[4][5][6]

In 1929—1931, the factory was re-equipped and expanded with the help of the American A.J. Brandt Co.,[7][8] and changed its name to Automotive Factory No. 2 Zavod Imeni Stalina (ZIS or ZiS). After Nikita Khrushchev denounced the cult of personality of Joseph Stalin in 1956, the name was changed again to Zavod imeni Likhachyova, after its former director Ivan Likhachev.[9]

ZiL lanes—road lanes dedicated to vehicles carrying top Soviet officials—were named after the car. The ZiL limousines were the official car that carried the Soviet heads of state, and many Soviet Union allied leaders, to summits or in parades. The limousines were flown to international summits as, for example, in 1987 and 1990 to Washington, D.C. for President Mikhail Gorbachev's official state visits.[10][11]

ZiL had a history of exporting trucks to Cuba, trade resumed in the early 21st century.[12]

The ZiL factory is portrayed in a number of English language documentaries. The 2001 documentary by Daniel Leconte, Lenin if you knew (renamed USSR Memories), follows the fate of a family associated with the factory as well as the factory itself in the 1990s.[13] The factory is also a feature of the 2014 documentary, The Last Limousine.[14]

After the final ZiL limousine was built in 2012, the Moscow factory administration stopped truck production and the company was declared bankrupt in 2013. ZiL still exists as a legal entity, but produces no vehicles. In 2014 it was announced that the factory site will be turned into a residential development.[15] Most factory buildings were dismantled in 2015.[16]

The factory's equipment and other automotive assets were auctioned off to a new company, "MSTs6 AMO ZIL". It employs 47 staff, mostly former ZiL workers.[17] The company took part in the Moscow International Automobile Salon 2016.[18]

After the building of "MSTs6 AMO ZIL" was demolished in 2020, it was believed that the company ceased to exist. However, it was reported in 2021 that MSTs6 continued to operate. Its staff and equipment were moved to the Moscow Oblast.[19]


Awards

  • In June 1942 the VMS was awarded the first Order of Lenin for the excellent organization of the production of ammunition and weapons.
  • In October 1944 the plant was awarded the Order of Red Banner of Labour.
  • In 1971 the plant was awarded the Order of Lenin for the third successful implementation of the Eighth Five-Year Plan.
  • In 1975 the plant was awarded the Order of the October Revolution for the successful completion of works on creation of capacities up to 200 thousand cars per year issuance.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Список аффилированных лиц". e-disclosure.ru. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  2. ^ "99 Years of ZiL: From Car Plant To Potential New Heart of Moscow?" (in الإنجليزية). Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  3. ^ Sutton, Antony C. (1968). Western technology and Soviet economic development, 1917 to 1930. Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace. pp. 244–249. Archived from the original on 2016-11-28. Retrieved 2017-12-22.
  4. ^ "AMO-ZIL website, history 1916-1923" (in الروسية). Archived from the original on 2018-10-05.
  5. ^ "AMO-ZIL website, history 1924-1931" (in الروسية). Archived from the original on 2018-10-05.
  6. ^ Завод и люди. 1916–2016: В 3 томах. Том 1. [Plant and People. 1916-2016. In 3 volumes. Volume 1] (PDF) (in الروسية). Moscow: Moscow Polytechnic University. 2016. pp. 14–155. ISBN 978-5-2760-2388-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
  7. ^ Sutton 1973, p. 122.
  8. ^ "Как в 1929−1931 годах модернизировали ЗИЛ" (in الروسية). Mos.ru. October 1, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  9. ^ Straus 1998, p. 33.
  10. ^ Michael Dobbs (November 22, 1990). "Crises now follow Gorbachev abroad". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  11. ^ Saundra Saperstein Torry, John Mintz (December 5, 1987). "Gorbachev is city's most shielded visitor". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  12. ^ "ZIL resume exports to Cuba". Archived from the original on 2016-09-03. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
  13. ^ Leconte, Daniel (2001). "USSR Memories - Daily life of a Russian family in the Soviet Union". Youtube. wocomoDOCS. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  14. ^ "'The Last Limousine' ('Posledniy limusin'): Vladivostok Review". The Hollywood Reporter (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  15. ^ Нехлебова, Наталия (31 October 2016). "ЗИЛ после жизни". Журнал "Огонёк". p. 10. Archived from the original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  16. ^ Sorokina, Anna (8 August 2017). "How a Soviet auto giant became a ghost factory". Russia Beyond The Headlines. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  17. ^ Завод индивидуальных лимузинов. Русский Автомобиль (in الروسية). Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  18. ^ Стенд ЗИЛ на Московском автосалоне (in الروسية). Livecars.ru. 27 August 2016. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  19. ^ Давид Акопян (December 14, 2021). "Здесь был ЗИЛ. Репортаж о легендарном заводе, которого не стало" (in الروسية). RBC Autonews. Retrieved February 23, 2022.

Literature

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Automotive industry in Russia قالب:Russian Automotive Makers قالب:ZIS/ZIL timeline 1930-1960

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