جبال جورا

يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين Montes Jura or Paps of Jura.

Jura Mountains
Looking towards Lélex from near the Crêt de la Neige
أعلى نقطة
القمة	Crêt de la Neige
الارتفاع	1,720 m (5,640 ft)
الإحداثيات	46°16′15″N 5°56′22″E
الجغرافيا
Satellite image of the Jura Mountains (upper left half of the image)
البلدان	France and سويسرا
المناطق/الكانتونات	Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Vaud, كانتون نوشاتل, كانتون جورا and Basel-Landschaft
نطاق الإحداثيات	46°40′N 6°15′E

جبال الجورا (Jura Mountains ؛ /ˈ(d)ʒʊərə/ JOOR-ə, ZHOOR-ə, بالفرنسية: [ʒyʁa]  ( استمع), ألمانية: [ˈjuːra]  ( listen), locally [ˈjuːɾa]; فرنسية: Massif du Jura; ألمانية: Juragebirge; إيطالية: Massiccio del Giura, رومانش: Montagnas da Jura) are a sub-alpine mountain range a short distance north of the Western Alps and mainly demarcate a long part of the French-Swiss border.

The east of the range separates the Rhine and Rhône basins. The west solely relates to the Rhône, however on the north side drains via the river Doubs which is a sub-tributary of the Rhône, flowing about 100 kilometres east and later requiring the valley of the Saône, south to the French city of Lyon where both parts of the river system unite.

The name "Jura" is derived from juria, a Latinized form of a Celtic stem jor- "forest". The mountain range gives its name to the French department of Jura, the Swiss Canton of Jura, the Jurassic period of the geologic timescale, and the Montes Jura of the Moon.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 فيزيوغرافيا

The Jura Mountains are a distinct province of the larger Central European uplands.

In France, the Jura covers most of the Franche-Comté region, stretching south into the Rhône-Alpes region. The range reaches its highest point at Le Crêt de la Neige in the department of Ain and finds its southern terminus in the northwestern part of the department of Savoie. The north end of the Jura extends into the southern tip of the Alsace region. Roughly 1,600 km² (600 sq mi) of the mountain range in France is protected by the Jura Mountains Regional Natural Park.

The Swiss Jura is one of the three distinct geographical regions of Switzerland, the others being the Swiss plateau and the Swiss Alps. In Switzerland, the range covers the western border with France in the cantons of Basel-Landschaft, Solothurn, Jura, Bern (i.e., Bernese Jura), Neuchâtel and Vaud. Much of the Swiss Jura region has no historical association with Early Modern Switzerland and was incorporated as part of the Swiss Confederacy only in the 19th century. In the 20th century, a movement of Jurassic separatism developed which resulted in the creation of the canton of Jura in 1979.

Topographical map (relief map) of Switzerland showing the Jura range proper (Faltenjura) in the northwest and west, and the Alps in the south and east

The Swiss Jura has been industrialized since the 18th century and became a major centre of the watchmaking industry. The area has several cities at very high altitudes, such as La Chaux-de-Fonds, Le Locle, and Sainte-Croix (renowned for its musical boxes); however, it generally has had a marked decline in population since 1960.

The Jura range proper (known as "folded Jura", Faltenjura) is continued as the Table Jura in the cantons of Basel-Landschaft and Aargau, and further to Schaffhausen and into southern Germany towards the Swabian and Franconian plateaus.

 الجيولوجيا

Creux du Van

The range is built up vertically while decreasing in size laterally (along a rough northwest–southeast line). This deformation accommodates the compression from alpine folding as the main Alpine orogenic front moves roughly northwards. The deformation becomes less pervasive away from the younger, more active Alpine mountain building.

The geologic folds comprise three major bands (lithological units) of building that date from three epochs: the Lias (Early Jurassic), the Dogger (Middle Jurassic) and the Malm (Late Jurassic) geologic periods. Each era of folding reveals effects of previously shallow marine environments as evidenced by beds with carbonate sequences, containing abundant bioclasts and oolitic divisions between layers (called horizons).

Structurally, the Jura consists of a sequence of geologic folds, the formation of which is facilitated by an evaporitic decollement layer. The box folds are still relatively young, which is evident by the general shape of the landscape showing that they have not existed long enough to experience erosion, thus revealing recent mountain building.

The highest peak in the Jura range is Le Crêt de la Neige at 1,720 m (5,643 ft).

• Vosges and Jura coal mining basins

 القمم الرئيسية

الارتفاع	القمة	الكانتون أو الإقليم
1720 m	Crêt de la Neige	فرنسا, Ain
1718 m	Le Reculet	فرنسا, Ain
1702 m	Grand Crêt	فرنسا, Ain
1688 m	Colomby de Gex	فرنسا, Ain
1679 m	Mont Tendre	سويسرا, Vaud
1677 m	La Dôle	سويسرا, Vaud
1621 m	Crêt de la Goutte	فرنسا, Ain
1614 m	Grand Montrond	فرنسا, Ain
1607 m	Chasseral	سويسرا, Bern
1607 m	Le Chasseron	سويسرا, Vaud
1597 m	Crêt du Milieu	فرنسا, Ain
1596 m	Mont Rond	فرنسا, Ain
1588 m	Le Suchet	سويسرا, Vaud
1584 m	Crêt du Miroir	فرنسا, Ain
1567 m	Le Noirmont	سويسرا, Vaud
1560 m	Aiguilles de Baulmes	سويسرا, Vaud
1546 m	Crêt du l’Éguillon	فرنسا, Ain
1545 m	Crêt de Chalam	فرنسا, Ain
1543 m	Petit Montrond	فرنسا, Ain
1540 m	Grand Colombier	فرنسا, Ain
1536 m	Crêt des Frasses	فرنسا, Ain
1528 m	La Barillette	سويسرا, Vaud
1504 m	Signal du Mont du Chat	فرنسا, Savoie
1495 m	Crêt Pela	فرنسا, Jura
1483 m	Dent de Vaulion	سويسرا, Vaud
1463 m	Mont d’Or	فرنسا, Doubs
1448 m	Crêt au Merle	فرنسا, Jura
1445 m	Hasenmatt	سويسرا, Solothurn
1439 m	Mont Racine	سويسرا, Neuchâtel
1425 m	Chaîne de l’Épine	فرنسا, Savoie
1419 m	Le Morond	فرنسا, Doubs
1395 m	Weissenstein (Röti)	سويسرا, Solothurn
1382 m	Mont Sujet	سويسرا, Bern
1323 m	Le Grand Taureau	فرنسا, Doubs

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 السياحة

The Jura range offer a variety of tourist activities including hiking, cycling, downhill skiing and cross-country skiing. There are many signposted trails including the Jura ridgeway, a 310 km (190 mi) hiking route.

Tourist attractions include natural features such as the Creux du Van, lookout peaks such as the Chasseral, caves such as the Grottes de l'Orbe, and gorges such as Taubenloch.

Both Le Locle and its geographical twin town La Chaux-de-Fonds are recognised as an UNESCO World Heritage Site for their horological and related cultural past. The 11th-century Fort de Joux, famously remodeled and strengthened by Vauban in 1690 and subsequently by other military engineers, is situated on a natural rock outcropping in the middle of the range not far from Pontarlier.

Part of the A40 autoroute crosses through a portion of the southern Jura between Bourg-en-Bresse and Bellegarde-sur-Valserine, which is known as the "Highway of the Titans".

 انظر أيضاً

• Ain River
• Le Crêt de la Neige
• Le Reculet
• La Dôle
• Col de la Faucille
• List of mountains in Switzerland
• Table Jura
• Swabian Jura
• Franconian Jura
• Nature parks in Switzerland

 وصلات خارجية

• Media related to Jura mountains at Wikimedia Commons