پكت
الپكت أو الپكتيون Picts، هي مجموعة من الشعوب كانت تعيش فيما يعرف اليوم بشرق وشمال إسكتلندا أثناء العصر الحديدي المتأخر والعصور الوسطى المبكرة. يمكن الاستدلال على المكان الذي كانوا يعيشون فيه وعلى ثقافتهم من خلال التوزيع الجغرافي لعناصر تسمية المكان البريتونية ومن الأحجار الپكتية. يظهر اسم الپكت مدوناً في سجلات من العصر العتيق المتأخر حتى القرن العاشر، حيث يعتقد أنهم اندمجوا مع الگايل. كانوا يعيشون في شمال نهري فورث وكلايد، وكانوا يستخدمون اللغة الپكتية، المرتبطة بشكل وثيق باللغة البريتونية الكلتية المستخدمة من قبل البريتونيين الذين كانوا يعيشون إلى الجنوب منههم.
يُفترض أن الپكت هم أحفاد الكاليدونيين وقبائل أخرى أشار إليها المؤرخون الرومان أو وُجدت على خريطة العالم التي رسمها پطليموس، كما أشارت لهم بعض المصادر بالپيكتاڤيا، الذين اندمجوا تدريجياً مع مملكة دال ريتا الگايلية وشكلا مملكة ألبا (إسكتلندا). بعد ذلك توسعت ألبا، واحتوت مملكة ستراثكلايد البريتونية ولوثيان النورتهمبرية، وبحلول القرن 11 أشير غلى أن الهوية الپكتية قد دُمجت ضمن مجموعة الشعوب "الإسكتلندية".
كان المجتمع الپكتي مماثل للكثير من مجتمعات العصور الوسطى في شمال أوروپا، يتمتع "بعلاقات موسعة ومتوازية" مع الجماعات المجاورة.[1] وقد صورت الأدلة الأثرية بعض ملامح المجتمع الپكتي. رغم بقاء القليل من الكتابة الپكتية، إلا أنه تم التعرف على التاريخ الپكتي منذ أواخر القرن السادس من مجموعة متنوعة من المصادر، منها التاريخ الكنسي للشعب الإنگليزي لبيدا، سير القديسيين كما في سيرة القديس كلومبا لأبدومنان، ومختلف الحوليات الأيرلندية.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
التسمية
التاريخ
الملوك والممالك
المجتمع
الديانة
الفنون
اللغات
- مقالة مفصلة: اللغة الپكتية
الذكرى
انظر أيضاً
الهوامش
المصادر
- الهوامش
- ^ Foster 1996, p. 17
- ^ Youngs, no. 111, with a plate showing the decoration much better; Laing, 310
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
المراجع
- The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Pantianos Classics, ISBN 978-1-5405-7961-4
- Adomnán (1995), Life of St Columba, London: Penguin, ISBN 978-0-14-044462-9
- Alcock, Leslie (2003), Kings & Warriors, Craftsmen & Priests: In Northern Britain AD 550-850, Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Monograph Series, ISBN 978-0-903903-24-0
- Armit, Ian (1990), Beyond the Brochs: Changing Perspectives on the Atlantic Scottish Iron Age, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
- Armit, Ian (2002), Towers In The North: The Brochs Of Scotland, Stroud: Tempus, ISBN 978-0-7524-1932-9
- Bannerman, John (1999), The Scottish Takeover of Pictland and the relics of Columba, Edinburgh: T.& T.Clark Ltd, ISBN 978-0-7486-1803-3
- Barrow, G.W.S. (2003), Barrow, G.W.S., ed., Pre-feudal Scotland: shires and thanes, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-1803-3
- Broun, Dauvit (1997), Dunkeld and the origin of Scottish Identity, 48, pp. 112–124
- Broun, Dauvit (1998), Foster, Sally M., ed., Pictish Kings 761–839: Integration with Dál Riata or Separate Development, Dublin: Four Courts, ISBN 978-1-85182-414-4
- Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots: Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland, Edinburgh: T.& T.Clark Ltd, 1999, ISBN 978-0-5670-8682-2
- Broun, Dauvit (2001a), Lynch, Michael, ed., Dál Riata, kingdom of, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 161–162
- Broun, Dauvit (2001b), Lynch, Michael, ed., Kingship: Early Medieval, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 359-360
- Broun, Dauvit (2001c), Lynch, Michael, ed., National identity: early medieval and the formation of Alba, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 437
- Broun, Dauvit (2005a), O'Neill, Pamela, ed., 'Alba: Pictish homeland or Irish offshoot?, Sydney Series in Celtic Studies, 8, Sydney: The Celtic Studies Foundation, University of Sydney, pp. 234–275, ISBN 978-1-86487-742-7
- Broun, Dauvit (2005b), The Seven Kingdoms in De situ Albanie: A Record of Pictish political geography or imaginary map of ancient Alba, Edinburgh: John Donald, ISBN 978-0-85976-608-1
- Broun, Dauvit (2007), Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain. From the Picts to Alexander III., Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-2360-0
- Bruford, Alan (2005), What happened to the Caledonians?, Edinburgh: John Donald, ISBN 978-0-85976-608-1
- Byrne, Francis John (1973), Irish Kings and High-Kings, London: Batsford, ISBN 978-0-7134-5882-4
- Campbell, Ewan (1999), Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots, Edinburgh: Canongate, ISBN 978-0-86241-874-8
- Carver, M.O.H. (2008), Portmahomack: monastery of the Picts, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-2442-3, https://books.google.com/books?id=ajIcKFZwKGAC, retrieved on February 6, 2010
- Chadwick, Hector Munro (1949), Early Scotland: The Picts, The Scots And The Welsh Of Southern Scotland (2013 ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-1076-9391-3
- Clancy, Thomas Owen (2000), Taylor, Simon, ed., Scotland, the 'Nennian' Recension of the Historia Brittonum and the Libor Bretnach', Dublin: Four Courts, ISBN 978-1-85182-516-5
- Clancy, Thomas Owen (2001a), Lynch, Michael, ed., Church institutions: early medieval, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Clancy, Thomas Owen (2001b), Lynch, Michael, ed., Ireland: to 1100, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Clancy, Thomas Owen (2001c), Lynch, Michael, ed., Nechtan son of Derile, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Clancy, Thomas Owen (1999), Columba, Adomnán and the Cult of Saints in Scotland, Edinburgh: T.& T.Clark Ltd, ISBN 978-0-7486-1803-3
- Cowan, E. J. (2001), Lynch, Michael, ed., Economy: to 1100, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Cowan, E.J. (2005a), The Invention of Celtic Scotland, Edinburgh: John Donald, ISBN 978-0-85976-608-1
- Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Medieval Era, Edinburgh: John Donald, 2005b, ISBN 978-0-85976-608-1
- Crone, B. A. (1993), Crannogs and Chronologies, 123, pp. 245–254
- Cummins, W. A. (1998), The Age of the Picts, Stroud: Sutton, ISBN 978-0-7509-1608-0
- Dennison, Patricia (2001), Lynch, Michael, ed., Urban settlement: to 1750, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Driscoll, Stephen T. (2001), Lynch, Michael, ed., Burghead, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Dyer, Christopher (2003), Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain 850–1520, London: Penguin, ISBN 978-0-14-025951-3
- Forsyth, K. (1997), Language in Pictland : the case against 'non-Indo-European Pictish, Utrecht: de Keltische Draak, http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/2081/1/languagepictland.pdf, retrieved on 4 February 2010
- Forsyth, K. (1998), Pryce, H., ed., Literacy in Pictland, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/2461/1/PictLit.pdf, retrieved on 13 December 2012
- Forsyth, Katherine (2000), Taylor, Simon, ed., Evidence of a lost Pictish Source in the Historia Regum Anglorum of Symeon of Durham", with an appendix by John T. Koch, Dublin: Four Courts, ISBN 978-1-85182-516-5
- Forsyth, Katherine (2001), Lynch, Michael, ed., Picts, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Forsyth, K. (2005), Wormald, J., ed., Origins: Scotland to 1100, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-820615-6
- Foster, Sally M. (1996), Picts, Gaels and Scots: Early Historic Scotland, London: Batsford, ISBN 978-0-7134-7486-2
- Foster, Sally M., ed. (1998), The St Andrews Sarcophagus: A Pictish masterpiece and its international connections, Dublin: Four Courts, ISBN 978-1-85182-414-4
- Foster, Sally M. (2004), Picts, Gaels and Scots (revised ed.), London: Batsford, ISBN 978-0-7134-8874-6
- Fraser, Iain (2008), The Pictish Symbol Stones of Scotland, Edinburgh: Royal Commission on the Ancienct and Historic Monuments of Scotland, ISBN 978-1-9024-1953-4
- Fraser, James E. (2009), From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795, 1, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-1232-1
- Geary, Patrick J. (1988), Before France and Germany: The creation and transformation of the Merovingian World., Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-504457-7
- Hanson, W. (2001), Lynch, Michael, ed., North England and southern Scotland: Roman occupation, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Haywood, John (1999), Dark Age Naval Power, Hockwold-cum-Wilton: Anglo-Saxon Books, ISBN 978-1-898281-22-1
- Henderson, Isabel (1986), Higgitt, John, ed., The 'David Cycle' in Pictish Art, Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, ISBN 978-0-8605-4383-1
- Henderson, Isabel (1998), Foster, Sally M., ed., 'Primus inter pares: the St Andrews Sarcophagus and Pictish Sculpture, Dublin: Four Courts, ISBN 978-1-85182-414-4
- Higham, N. J. (1993), The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100, Stroud, 1993: Sutton, ISBN 978-0-86299-730-4
- Jackson, K. (1955), "The Pictish Language", in Wainwright, F.T., The Problem of the Picts, Edinburgh: Nelson, pp. 129–166
- Kelly, Fergus (1997), Early Irish Farming: a study based mainly on the law-texts of the 7th and 8th centuries AD (2000 reprint ed.), Dublin: School of Celtic Studies/Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 978-1-8550-0180-0
- Laing, Lloyd; Laing, Jennifer (2001), The Picts and the Scots, Stroud: Sutton, ISBN 978-0-7509-2873-1
- Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary (digitised by Perseus Project ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059, retrieved on 14 October 2018
- Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940), A Greek-English Lexicon (ninth (digitised by Perseus Project) ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057, retrieved on 14 October 2018
- Lowe, Chris (1999), Angels, Fools and Tyrants: Britons and Angles in Southern Scotland, Edinburgh: Canongate, ISBN 978-0-86241-875-5
- Lynch, Michael, ed. (2001), The Oxford Companion to Scottish History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-211696-3
- Markus, Fr. Gilbert, O.P. (2001a), Lynch, Michael, ed., Conversion to Christianity, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Markus, Fr. Gilbert, O.P. (2001b), Lynch, Michael, ed., Religious life: early medieval, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Nicolaisen, W.F.H. (2001), Scottish Place-Names, Edinburgh: John Donald, ISBN 978-0-85976-556-5
- Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (1995), Early Medieval Ireland: 400–1200, London: Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-01565-4
- Ó Carragáin, Éamonn (1988), The meeting of Saint Paul and Saint Anthony: visual and literary uses of a eucharistic motif, Galway: Galway University Press, ISBN 978-0-9077-7533-1
- Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (2008), A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and Early Ireland, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-1992-2665-8
- Oram, Richard (2001), Lynch, Michael, ed., Rural society: medieval, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Price, Glanville (2000), Price, Glanville, ed., Pictish, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-631-21581-3
- Pryor, Francis (2005), Britain A.D., London: Harper Perennial, ISBN 978-0-00-718187-2
- Ritchie, Anna (2001), Lynch, Michael, ed., Culture: Picto-Celtic, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Rodger, N.A.M. (1997), The Safeguard of the Sea. A Naval History of Great Britain, volume one 660–1649., London: Harper Collins, ISBN 978-0-00-638840-1
- Sellar, W.D.H. (2001), Lynch, Michael, ed., Gaelic laws and institutions, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Sharpe, Richard (2000), Taylor, Simon, ed., The thriving of Dalriada, Dublin: Four Courts, ISBN 978-1-85182-516-5
- Smyth, Alfred P. (1984), Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-0100-4
- Snyder, Christopher A. (2003), The Britons, Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-631-22260-6
- Taylor, Simon (1999), Seventh-century Iona abbots in Scottish place-names, Edinburgh: T.& T.Clark Ltd, ISBN 978-0-7486-1803-3
- Taylor, Simon, ed. (2000), Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297, Dublin: Four Courts, ISBN 978-1-85182-516-5
- Taylor, Simon (2001), Lynch, Michael, ed., Place names, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Watson, W.J. (1926), The History of the Celtic Place-names of Scotland., Birlinn
- Toland, John (1726), A critical history of the Celtic religion, and learning: contatining an account of the Druids (1815 ed.), Edinburgh: John Findlay, https://archive.org/details/criticalhistoryo00tolauoft/page/n3, retrieved on 14 October 2018
- Woolf, Alex (2001a), Lynch, Michael, ed., Constantine II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 106
- Woolf, Alex (2001b), Lynch, Michael, ed., Nobility: early medieval, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Woolf, Alex (2001c), Lynch, Michael, ed., Ungus (Onuist) son of Uurgust, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Woolf, Alex (2006), Dun Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts, 85, pp. 182–201
- Woolf, Alex (2017), On the nature of the Picts, 96, pp. 214-217, doi:
- Woolf, Alex (2007), From Pictland to Alba 789 - 1070, 2, Edinburgh University Press
- Yorke, Barbara (2006), The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society c.600–800., London: Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-77292-2
- Youngs, Susan, ed. (1989), The Work of Angels, Masterpieces of Celtic Metalwork, 6th–9th centuries AD, London: British Museum Press, ISBN 978-0-7141-0554-3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
قراءات إضافية
- James E. Fraser, The New Edinburgh History Of Scotland Vol.1 - From Caledonia To Pictland, Edinburgh University Press(2009) ISBN 978-0-7486-1232-1
- Henderson, George; Henderson, Isabel, The Art of the Picts, Thames and Hudson (2004) ISBN 0500238073
- Fraser Hunter, Beyond the Edge of Empire: Caledonians, Picts and Romans, Groam House Museum, Rosemarkie (2007) ISBN 978-0-9540999-2-3
- Alex Woolf, The New Edinburgh History Of Scotland Vol.2 - From Pictland To Alba, Edinburgh University Press,(2007) ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5
وصلات خارجية
- Glasgow University ePrints server, including Katherine Forsyth's
- The language of the Picts, article by Paul Kavanagh, 2012-02-04
- CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
- The Corpus of Electronic Texts includes the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach, the Four Masters and Innisfallen, the Chronicon Scotorum, the Lebor Bretnach, Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress
- Scotland Royalty
- The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
- Annals of Clonmacnoise at Cornell
- Bede's Ecclesiastical History and its Continuation (pdf), at CCEL, translated by A.M. Sellar.
- Annales Cambriae (translated) at the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
- Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (PSAS) through 1999 (pdf).
- Tarbat Discovery Programme with reports on excavations at Portmahomack.
- SPNS the Scottish Place-Name Society (Comann Ainmean-Áite na h-Alba), including commentary on and extracts from Watson's The History of the Celtic Place-names of Scotland.
- The Picts and Scots in history
- Historic Scotland website on Pictish stones
- Ancient Scotland: Caledonia and Pictavia