برنيكه الثانية من مصر
| Berenice II | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Octodrachma of Berenice II | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Queen regnant of Cyrenaica | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| العهد | 258–247/246 BCE[1][2] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| سبقه | Magas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| تبعه | Annexed by Ptolemaic Kingdom | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Co-rulers | Magas (until 250 BCE) Demetrius (250–249 BCE) Republican government (249–246 BCE) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Queen of Egypt | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| العهد | 246–221 B.C.E.[3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Co-rulers | Ptolemy III (246–222 BCE) Ptolemy IV (222–221 BCE) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| وُلِد | c. 267/266 BCE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| توفي | 221 BCE (aged 45 or 46) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| الزوج | Demetrius the Fair Ptolemy III Euergetes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| الأنجال | Ptolemy IV Arsinoe III Alexander Magas of Egypt Berenice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| الأسرة | Ptolemaic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| الأب | Magas of Cyrene | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| الأم | Apama II | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
برنيكه الثانية Berenice II (عاشت 267 ق.م. أو 266 ق.م. - 221 ق.م.) كانت ابنة ماگاس قورينا والملكة أپاما، وهي زوجة بطليموس الثالث اورجيتيس الأول، وثالث حكام الأسرة البطلمية في مصر.
في حوالي سنة 249 ق.م.، تزوجت الأمير المقدوني دمتريوس الجميل، بعيد وفاة والدها. إلا أنه بعد وصولهما إلى قورينا أصبح عشيقاً لأمها أپاما. وفي حدث درامي، أمرت بقتله في مخدع أپاما، إلا أن أپاما نجت. وكان ذلك في 248 أو 247 ق.م. ولم تنجب أطفالاً من دمتريوس.
بعد ذلك تزوجت بطليموس الثالث. وقد أنجبا 4 أطفال: بطليموس الرابع، ماگاس، أرسينوي الثالثة وبرنيكه. وقد لقت مصرعها على يد ابنها بطليموس الرابع في سنة 221، مباشرة بعد أن أصبح فرعوناً.
أثناء غياب زوجها في الحرب السورية الثالثة، وهبت خصلة من شعرها إلى أفروديت ليعود سالماً، ووضعتها في معبد الإلهة في زفيريوم. وقد اختفت الخصلة بطريقة غامضة، كونون من ساموس شرح الظاهرة في عبارة بلاطية، بقوله أن الخصلة حـُمِلت إلى السماء ووضعت بين النجوم. هذه القصة تهكم عليها ألكسندر پوپ في قصيدته اغتصاب الخصلة.
الاسم كوما برنيسس Coma Berenices أو شعر برنيكه، اُطلِق على كوكبة (أسماها العرب لاحقاً الهلبة)، لتخلد الحادث. كاليماخوس احتفى بالتحول في قصيدة، لم يبق منها سوى أبيات قليلة، إلا أن هناك ترجمة جيدة لها من كاتولوس.
وبعد وفاة زوجها بفترة قصيرة (221 ق.م.) قـُتلت بأمر من ابنها بطليموس الرابع، الذي كانت غالباً تشاركه الحكم.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
حياتها
Cyrenaica had been incorporated into the Ptolemaic realm in 323 BCE, by Ptolemy I Soter shortly after the death of Alexander the Great. The region proved difficult to control and around 300 BCE, Ptolemy I entrusted the region to Magas, son of his wife Berenice I by an earlier marriage. After Ptolemy I's death, Magas asserted his independence and engaged in warfare with his successor Ptolemy II Philadelphus. Around 275 BCE, Magas married Apama, who came from the Seleucid dynasty, which had become enemies of the Ptolemies.[4] Berenice II was their only child. When Ptolemy II renewed his efforts to reach a settlement with Magas of Cyrene in the late 250s BCE, it was agreed that Berenice would be married to her half-cousin, the future Ptolemy III, who was Ptolemy II's heir.[5][6]
The astronomer Gaius Julius Hyginus claims that when Berenice's father and his troops were routed in battle, Berenice mounted a horse, rallied the remaining forces, killed many of the enemy, and drove the rest to retreat.[7] The veracity of this story is unclear and the battle in question is not otherwise attested, but "it is not on the face of it impossible."[8]
ملكة قورينا
Berenice was hailed basilissa (queen) on coins even in her father's lifetime.[9] There are Cyrenean coins with the portrait of queen, the legend ΒΕΡΕΝΙΚΗΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ (Berenice Basilissa), and the monogram of Magas. It is evidently more plausible that the queen's identity is Magas's daughter Berenice II rather than Magas's mother Berenice I, because the portrait is youthful and unveiled, meaning unmarried.[10] According to coins of Berenice, the accession of Berenice as queen of Cyrene was in 258 BCE.[11]
King Magas died in circa 250 BCE. At this point, Berenice's mother Apame refused to honour the marriage agreement with the Ptolemies and invited an Antigonid prince, Demetrius the Fair to Cyrene to marry Berenice instead. With Apame's help, Demetrius seized control of the city. Allegedly, Demetrius and Apame became lovers. Berenice is said to have discovered them in bed together and had him assassinated. Apame was spared.[12] Control of Cyrene was then entrusted to a republican government, led by two Cyrenaeans named Ecdelus and Demophanes, until Berenice's actual wedding to Ptolemy III in 246 BCE after his accession to the throne.[6][13] It seems most probable that Berenice conceded a certain degree of autonomy to Cyrene.[14]
ملكة مصر
Berenice married Ptolemy III in 246 BCE after his accession to the throne.[13] This brought Cyrenaica back into the Ptolemaic realm, where it would remain until her great-great-grandson Ptolemy Apion left it to the Roman Republic in his will in 96 BCE.
عبادتها كحاكمة
In 244 or 243 BCE, Berenice and her husband were incorporated into the Ptolemaic state cults and worshipped as the Theoi Euergetai (Benefactor Gods), alongside Alexander the Great and the earlier Ptolemies.[13][17] Berenice was also worshipped as a goddess on her own, Thea Euergetis (Benefactor Goddess). She was often equated with Aphrodite and Isis and came to be particularly associated with protection against shipwrecks. Most of the evidence for this cult derives from the reign of Ptolemy IV or later, but a cult in her honour is attested in the Fayyum in Ptolemy III's reign.[18] This cult closely parallels that offered to her mother-in-law, Arsinoe II, who was also equated with Aphrodite and Isis, and associated with protection from shipwrecks. The parallelism is also presented on the gold coinage minted posthumously in honour of the two queens. The coinage of Arsinoe II bears a pair of cornucopiae on the reverse side, while that of Berenice bears a single cornucopia.
قِفل برنيكه
Berenice's divinity is closely connected with the story of "Berenice's Lock". According to this story, Berenice vowed to sacrifice her long hair as a votive offering if Ptolemy III returned safely from battle during the Third Syrian War. She dedicated her tresses to and placed them in the temple at Cape Zephyrium in Alexandria, where Arsinoe II was worshipped as Aphrodite, but the next morning the tresses had disappeared. Conon of Samos, the court astronomer identified a constellation as the missing hair, claiming that Aphrodite had placed it in the sky as an acknowledgement of Berenice's sacrifice. The constellation is known to this day as Coma Berenices (Latin for 'Berenice's Lock').[19] It is unclear whether this event took place before or after Ptolemy's return; Branko van Oppen de Ruiter suggests that it happened after Ptolemy's return (around March–June or May 245 BCE).[20] This episode served to link Berenice with the goddess Isis in her role as goddess of rebirth, since she was meant to have dedicated a lock of her own hair at Koptos in mourning for her husband Osiris.[21][18]
The story was widely propagated by the Ptolemaic court. Seals were produced depicting Berenice with a shaved head and the attributes of Isis/Demeter.[22][18] The poet Callimachus, who was based in the Ptolemaic court, celebrated the event in a poem, The Lock of Berenice, of which only a few lines remain.[23] The first century BCE Roman poet Catullus produced a loose translation or adaptation of the poem in Latin,[24] and a prose summary appears in Hyginus' De Astronomica.[7][19] The story was popular in the early modern period when it was illustrated by many neoclassical painters.
Panhellenic Games
Berenice entered a chariot team in the Nemean Games of 243 or 241 BCE and was victorious. The success is celebrated in another poem by Callimachus' Victory of Berenice. This poem connects Berenice with Io, a lover of Zeus in Greek mythology, who was also connected with Isis by contemporary Greeks.[25][18] When she won in the four-horse chariot race at the Olympics in the early third century BCE, she commissioned an epigram by the poet Posidippus in which she explicitly claimed to have "stolen" the fame (κῦδος) of Cynisca.[26] Her epigram was included in the so-called Greek Anthology, which also indicates its continuing relevance long after the victory itself.[27]
Death
Ptolemy III died in late 222 BCE and was succeeded by his son by Berenice, Ptolemy IV Philopator. Berenice died soon after, in early 221 BCE. Polybius states that she was poisoned, as part of a general purge of the royal family by the new king's regent Sosibius.[28][13] She continued to be venerated in the state ruler cult. By 211 BCE, she had her own priestess, the athlophorus ('prize-bearer'), who marched in processions in Alexandria behind the priest of Alexander the Great and the Ptolemies, and the canephorus of the deified Arsinoe II.[8]
أنجالها
With Ptolemy III she had the following children:[29]
| Name | Image | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arsinoe III |  |
246/5 BCE | 204 BCE | Married her brother Ptolemy IV in 220 BCE. |
| Ptolemy IV Philopator |  |
May/June 244 BCE | July/August 204 BCE | King of Egypt from 222 - 204 BCE. |
| A son | July/August 243 BCE | Perhaps 221 BCE | Name unknown, possibly 'Lysimachus'. He was probably killed in or before the political purge of 221 BCE.[30] | |
| Alexander | September/October 242 BCE | Perhaps 221 BCE | He was probably killed in or before the political purge of 221 BCE.[31] | |
| Magas | November/December 241 BCE | 221 BCE | Scalded to death in his bath by Theogos or Theodotus, at the orders of Ptolemy IV.[32] | |
| Berenice | January/February 239 BCE | February/March 238 BCE | Posthumously deified on 7 March 238 BCE by the Canopus Decree, as Berenice Anasse Parthenon (Berenice, mistress of virgins).[33] |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
حبها للعمران
المدينة السابقة لبنغازي الحالية أعادت تأسيسها برنيكه ولذلك حملت اسمها.
آثارها
في يناير 2010، في كشف أثري كبير ومهم، عثرت بعثة المجلس المصري الأعلى للآثار في الإسكندرية على بقايا معبد يخص الملكة «برنيكي» (بيرنيس) الثانية زوجة الملك «بطليموس الثالث» (246 - 222 ق.م)، وخبيئة كبيرة للتماثيل ضمت 600 تمثال من العصر البطلمي مختلفة الأحجام والأنواع بمنطقة كوم الدكة. الدكتور محمد عبد المقصود، مدير عام آثار الوجه البحري ورئيس البعثة الأثرية، أوضح أن ودائع الأساس الخاصة بالمعبد المكتشف، ويبلغ طوله 60 مترا وعرضه 15 مترا، ترجع إلى الملكة «برنيكي». وهى سابع وديعة يعثر عليها في الإسكندرية من العصر البطلمي، وترجع أهميتها في أنها خاصة بأول معبد بطلمي للإلهة «باستت»، الممثلة على هيئة القطة، يكشف عنه في الإسكندرية.[34]
أيضا كشف عن قاعدة تمثال من حجر الجرانيت من عهد الملك «بطليموس الرابع» ( 222 - 205 ق.م.)، عليها نقوش باليونانية القديمة من تسعة أسطر، توضح أن التمثال كان لشخص رفيع المستوى في محكمة الإسكندرية. ويؤرخ النقش لذكرى الانتصار في معركة رفح في 22 يونيو من عام 217 ق.م.، التي انتصر فيها المصريون، وجنود من خمس جاليات مختلفة، على السلوقيين الذين كانوا يسيطرون على منطقة بلاد الشام القديمة، ولقد سجل الجنود الوثيقة في حب مصر والدفاع عنها، ضمن الحرب السورية الثالثة.
ويتضمن الكشف الأثري كذلك مجموعة من العناصر المعمارية القديمة، مثل صهريج وآبار للمياه بعمق 14 مترا تحت سطح الأرض من العصر الروماني من القرن الثالث الميلادي، وبقايا مخازن ومجارٍ للمياه من الحجر وبقايا حمام قديم وعدد من القطع الفخارية التي ترجع إلى القرن الرابع قبل الميلاد، وقطع فخار مستوردة من بحر إيجة ورودس بالبحر المتوسط. وقد جرى نقل المكتشفات إلى المخازن الأثرية لترميمها وحفظها تمهيدا لعرضها متحفيا.
ويقول عبد المقصود إن أقدم طبقات القطع الفخارية المكتشفة تعود إلى تاريخ أسبق من تأسيس مدينة الإسكندرية عام 332 ق.م، ويعتقد أن هذا الاكتشاف يقدم أدلة قوية على موقع الحي الملكي بمدينة الإسكندرية منذ تأسيسها، وهو واحد من أهم الاكتشافات الأثرية في تاريخ المدينة.
ذكراها
المذنـَّب 653 برنيكه، المكتشـَف في 1907، مسمى أيضاً على اسم الملكة برنيكه.
المصادر
- ديورانت, ول; ديورانت, أرييل. قصة الحضارة. ترجمة بقيادة زكي نجيب محمود.
وصلات خارجية
| Berenice II
]].مواقع خارجيه
- Salmonson, Jessica Amanda.(1991) The Encyclopedia of Amazons. Paragon House. Page 33. ISBN 1-55778-420-5
- The House of Ptolemy, Ch. 3
- Berenice II
- ^ Reginald Stuart Poole; British Museum Dept. of Coins and Medals (1883). Catalogue of Greek Coins: The Ptolemies, Kings of Egypt (in English). The Trustees. p. 59.
i. Queen Regnant of Cyrenaïca, ʙ.ᴄ. 258–247.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Libya Heads". guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 2022-12-25.
- ^ Stanwick, Paul Edmund (22 July 2010). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek Kings as Egyptian Pharaohs. University of Texas Press. p. xviii. ISBN 9780292787476.
- ^ Hölbl 2001, pp. 38–39
- ^ Justin 26.3.2
- ^ أ ب Hölbl 2001, pp. 44–46
- ^ أ ب Gaius Julius Hyginus De Astronomica 2.24
- ^ أ ب Clayman 2014, p. 157
- ^ Branko van Oppen de Ruiter (2016-02-03). Berenice II Euergetis: Essays in Early Hellenistic Queenship (in الإنجليزية). Springer. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-137-49462-7.
Remarkably, Berenice was hailed basilissa on coins even in her father's lifetime,
- ^ Branko van Oppen de Ruiter (2016-02-03). Berenice II Euergetis: Essays in Early Hellenistic Queenship (in الإنجليزية). Springer. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-137-49462-7.
- ^ Reginald Stuart Poole; British Museum Dept. of Coins and Medals (1883). Catalogue of Greek Coins: The Ptolemies, Kings of Egypt (in English). The Trustees. p. xxxii.
This review brings us to the accession of Berenice as queen of Cyrene, B.C. 258. Her coinage will be considered later (p. xlv.).
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Justin 26.3.3-6; Catullus 66.25-28
- ^ أ ب ت ث Berenice II Archived فبراير 25, 2015 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
- ^ Reginald Stuart Poole; British Museum Dept. of Coins and Medals (1883). Catalogue of Greek Coins: The Ptolemies, Kings of Egypt (in English). The Trustees. p. xlviii.
But it seems most probable that Berenice conceded a certain degree of autonomy to Cyrene, which included the right of coining;
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Daszewski, W.A. (1986). "La personnification de la Tyché d'Alexandrie. Réinterprétation de certains monuments". In Kahil, L.; Auge, C.; Linant de Bellefonds, P. (eds.). Iconographie classique et identités régionales'. Paris: De Boccard. pp. 299–309.
- ^ Pfrommer, Michael; Towne-Markus, Elana (2001). Greek Gold from Hellenistic Egypt. Los Angeles: Getty Publications (J. Paul Getty Trust). ISBN 0-89236-633-8, pp. 22–23.
- ^ Hölbl 2001, p. 49
- ^ أ ب ت ث Hölbl 2001, p. 105
- ^ أ ب Barentine, John C. (2016). Uncharted Constellations: Asterisms, Single-Source and Rebrands. Springer. p. 17. ISBN 978-3-319-27619-9.
- ^ van Oppen de Ruiter 2016, p. 110
- ^ Plutarch, De Iside et Osiride 14.
- ^ Pantos, P. A. (1987). "Bérénice II Démèter". Bulletin des correspondence hellenique (in الفرنسية). 111: 343–352. doi:10.3406/bch.1987.1777.
- ^ Callimachus fragment 110 Pfeiffer.
- ^ Catullus 66
- ^ Parsons, P. J. (1977). "Callimachus: Victoria Berenices". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 25: 1–50.
- ^ Posidippus. "AB 87" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-20. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- ^ "Greek Anthology 13.16". New York G.P. Putnam's sons.
- ^ Polybius 15.25.2; Zenobius 5.94
- ^ Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3
- ^ Lysimachus by Chris Bennett
- ^ Alexander by Chris Bennett
- ^ Magas by Chris Bennett
- ^ Berenice by Chris Bennett
- ^ طه علي (2010-01-20). "بعثة الآثار المصرية تكتشف أطلال معبد زوجة بطليموس الثالث في الإسكندرية". صحيفة الشرق الأوسط.