اللغة الهندو-حيثية
عائلات اللغات الفرعية الوراثية/العرقية الهندو-أوروپية المفترضة |
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البلقان |
أخرى |
In Indo-European linguistics, the term Indo-Hittite (also Indo-Anatolian) refers to Edgar Howard Sturtevant's 1926 hypothesis that the Anatolian languages may have split off a Pre-Proto-Indo-European language considerably earlier than the separation of the remaining Indo-European languages. The term may be somewhat confusing, as the prefix Indo- does not refer to the Indo-Aryan branch in particular, but is iconic for Indo-European, and the -Hittite part refers to the Anatolian language family as a whole.
Proponents of the Indo-Hittite hypothesis claim the separation may have preceded the spread of the remaining branches by several millennia, possibly as early as 7000 BC. In this context, the proto-language before the split of Anatolian would be called Proto-Indo-Hittite, and the proto-language of the remaining branches, before the next split, presumably of Tocharian, would be called Proto-Indo-European (PIE). This is a matter of terminology, though, as the hypothesis does not dispute the ultimate genetic relation of Anatolian with Indo-European; it just means to emphasize the assumed magnitude of temporal separation.
According to Craig Melchert, the current tendency is to suppose that Proto-Indo-European evolved, and that the "prehistoric speakers" of Anatolian became isolated "from the rest of the PIE speech community, so as not to share in some common innovations."[1] Hittite, as well as its Anatolian cousins, split off from Proto-Indo-European at an early stage, thereby preserving archaisms that were later lost in the other Indo-European languages.[2]
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علم اللسانيات
علم الوراثة
تحقيقات
انظر أيضاً
الهوامش
- ^ Melchert 2012, p. 7.
- ^ Jasanoff 2003, p. 20 with footnote 41
المصادر
- Jasanoff, Jay H. (2003). Hittite and the Indo-European Verb. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249053.001.0001. ISBN 9780199249053.
- Melchert, H. Craig (2012). "The Position of Anatolian" (PDF).
- Schmidt, Karl Horst (1992). "Contributions from new data to the reconstruction of the proto-language". In Polomé, Edgar C.; Winter, Werner (eds.). Reconstructing Languages and Cultures. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs. Vol. 58. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 35–62. doi:10.1515/9783110867923.35. ISBN 9783110126716.
- Sturtevant, Edgar Howard (1931). "Hittite Glossary: Words of Known or Conjectured Meaning, with Sumerian Ideograms and Accadian Words Common in Hittite Texts". Language. Language Monograph, 9. Linguistic Society of America. 7 (2): 3–82. doi:10.2307/522061. JSTOR 522061.
- Sturtevant, Edgar Howard (1932). "The Development of the Stops in Hittite". Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 52 (1): 1–12. doi:10.2307/593573. JSTOR 593573.
- Sturtevant, Edgar Howard; Hahn, E. Adelaide. A Comparative Grammar of the Hittite Language. William Dwight Whitney Linguistic Series. Vol. 1. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Sturtevant, Edgar H. (1942). The Indo-Hittite laryngeals. Baltimore, MD: Linguistic Society of America. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1x76d2x. JSTOR j.ctt1x76d2x.
- Sturtevant, Edgar H. (1940). "Evidence for Voicing in Indo-Hittite γ". Language. Linguistic Society of America. 16 (2): 81–87. doi:10.2307/408942. JSTOR 408942.
- Sturtevant, Edgar H.; Bechtel, George (1935). A Hittite Chrestomathy. William Dwight Whitney Linguistic Series. Philadelphia, PA: Linguistic Society of America.
قراءات إضافية
- Bonfante, Giuliano. “‘Indo-Hittite’ and Areal Linguistics”. In: The American Journal of Philology 67, no. 4 (1946): 289–310. https://doi.org/10.2307/290681.
- BROSMAN, PAUL. "EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF PROTO-INDO-HITTITE". In: Folia Linguistica Historica 36, no. Historica-vol-23-1-2 (2002): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1515/flih.2002.23.1-2.1
- Kloekhorst, Alwin. "The Anatolian stop system and the Indo-Hittite hypothesis". In: Indogermanische Forschungen 121, no. 1 (2016): 213-248. https://doi.org/10.1515/if-2016-0013
- Kloekhorst, Alwin, and Tijmen Pronk. "Chapter 1. Introduction: Reconstructing Proto-Indo-Anatolian and Proto-Indo-Uralic". In: The Precursors of Proto-Indo-European. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2019. pp. 1-14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004409354_002
- Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (August 2022). "The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe". Science. 377 (6609). doi:10.1126/science.abm4247.. Discusses the Indo-Anatolian hypothesis in the context of the paleogenetics of the region.
- Peyrot, Michaël. "Chapter 13. Indo-Uralic, Indo-Anatolian, Indo-Tocharian". In: The Precursors of Proto-Indo-European. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2019. pp. 186–202. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004409354_014
- Sturtevant, E. H. “The Indo-Hittite Hypothesis.” Language 38, no. 2 (1962): 105–10. https://doi.org/10.2307/410871.