سنكونا

سنكونا
Cinchona pubescens - flowers
التصنيف العلمي
مملكة:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Gentianales
Family:	Rubiaceae
Subfamily:	Cinchonoideae
Tribe:	Cinchoneae
Genus:	Cinchona L.
Species
about 38 species; see text

السنكونا Cinchona أوQuina هي جنس من حوالي 38 في عائلة Rubiaceae، وموطنها الأصلي أمريكا الجنوبية.

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 التاريخ

Cinchona officinalis. Bark

المقالة الرئيسية: Jesuit's bark

Peru offers a branch of cinchona to Science (from a 17th century engraving). Cinchona genus is the source of Peruvian Bark, an important historical remedy against malaria.

19th century illustration of Cinchona calisaya

 Health claims

Cinchona pubescens - fruit

Cinchona has been used for a number of medical reasons such as:

• Treats malaria
• Kills parasites
• Reduces fever
• Regulates heartbeat
• Calms nerves
• Stimulates digestion
• Kills germs
• Reduces spasms
• Kills insects
• Relieves pain
• Kills bacteria and fungi
• Dries secretions

The main reason for its use is to treat malaria, but it is rarely used today as many people think it is dangerous, as it can kill if taken in large amounts.

 الكيمياء

 قلويدات الكينا

Cinchona alkaloids include:

• cinchonine and cinchonidine (stereoisomers with R = vinyl, R' = hydrogen)
• quinine and quinidine (stereoisomers with R = vinyl, R' = methoxy)
• dihydroquinidine & dihydroquinine (stereoisomers with R = ethyl, R' = methoxy)

They find use in organic chemistry as organocatalysts in asymmetric synthesis.

 أنواعها

Cinchona antioquiae L.Andersson (1998). Cinchona asperifolia Wedd. (1848). Cinchona barbacoensis H.Karst. (1860). Cinchona × boliviana Wedd. (1848). Cinchona calisaya Wedd. (1848). Cinchona capuli L.Andersson (1994). Cinchona fruticosa L.Andersson (1998). Cinchona glandulifera Ruiz & Pav. (1802). Cinchona hirsuta Ruiz & Pav. (1799). Cinchona krauseana L.Andersson (1998). Cinchona lancifolia Mutis (1793). Cinchona ledgeriana Cinchona lucumifolia Pav. ex Lindl. (1838). Cinchona macrocalyx Pav. ex DC. (1829). Cinchona micrantha Ruiz & Pav. (1799). Cinchona mutisii Lamb. (1821). Cinchona nitida Ruiz & Pav. (1799). Cinchona officinalis L. (1753): Quinine Bark Cinchona parabolica Pav. in J.E.Howard (1859). Cinchona pitayensis (Wedd.) Wedd. (1849). Cinchona pubescens Vahl (1790) : Quinine Tree Cinchona pyrifolia L.Andersson (1998). Cinchona rugosa Pav. in J.E.Howard (1859). Cinchona scrobiculata Humb. & Bonpl. (1808). Cinchona villosa Pav. ex Lindl. (1838). Cinchona succirubra Cinchona robusta Cinchona hybrida

 المصادر

• Reader's Digest, Strange Stories, Amazing Facts II; Title : "The Bark of Barks" -Reader's digest publication
• The Journals of Hipólito Ruiz: Spanish Botanist in Peru and Chile 1777-1788, translated by Richard Evans Schultes and María José Nemry von Thenen de Jaramillo-Arango, Timber Press, 1998
• Druilhe, P., et al., Activity of a combination of three Cinchona bark alkaloids against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 32(2):25-254.
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 وصلات خارجية

• Cinchona project - Ortiz
• Maricela Argudo's Cinchona Project
• Cinchona Bark
• Using Bark to Cure the Bite
• Cinchona Alkaloids
• Peruvian Bark
• Cinchona photo
• Photos of Cinchona pubescens