حرشفيات
(تم التحويل من الحرشفيات)
| الزواحف الحرشفية Scaled reptiles | |
|---|---|
| |
| سحلية زرقاء اللسان شرقية | |
| التصنيف العلمي | |
| مملكة: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | الحرشفيات Squamata |
| تحت الرتب | |
|
طالع النص | |
| |
| اللون الأسود: نطاق الحرشفيات | |
الحرشفيات إنگليزية: Squamata تشمل رتبة الحرشفيات أكثر الزواحف انتشاراً حيث تشكل أنواعها 59% من الزواحف حيث تعيش في جميع أنحاء العالم ما عدا المناطق الباردة وتتكاثر معظم أنواعها بالبيوض والقليل منها يحتفظ بالبيض داخل الجسم حتى يفقس، ويغطي جلدها حراشف تتجدد بشكل دوري.
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التطور
التكاثر
Trachylepis maculilabris, skinks mating
تطور الذيفان venom
البشر والحرشفيات
العض والوفاة
جهود الحفاظ
التصنيف العلمي
تقليدياً، كانت الرتبة تنقسم إلى ثلاث تحت-رتب:
- Lacertilia، السحالي;
- Serpentes، الثعابين;
- Amphisbaenia، السحالي الدودية.
Of these, the lizards form a paraphyletic group (since "lizards" excludes the sub-clade of snakes). In newer classifications the name Sauria is used for reptiles and birds in general, and the Squamata are divided differently:
- Suborder Iguania – (the agamids, chameleons, iguanids. and other New World lizards)
- Suborder Scleroglossa
- Infraorder Anguimorpha – (the monitors, Gila monster, alligator lizards, galliwasps, slow-worms and others)
- Infraorder Amphisbaenia – worm lizards
- Infraorder Gekkota – (the geckos)
- Infraorder Scincomorpha – (skinks, whiptail lizards and common European lizards)
- Infraorder Serpentes – (the snakes)
The relationships between these suborders is not yet certain, though recent research[1] suggests that several families may form a hypothetical venom clade which encompasses a majority (nearly 60%) of Squamate species. Named Toxicofera, it combines the following groups from traditional classification[1]:
- Suborder Serpentes (الثعابين)
- Suborder Iguania (agamids, chameleons, iguanids, etc.)
- Infraorder Anguimorpha, consisting of:
- Family Varanidae (monitor lizards, including the Komodo dragon)
- Family Anguidae (alligator lizards, glass lizards, etc.)
- Family Helodermatidae (Gila monster and Mexican beaded lizard)
قائمة الفصائل
| Amphisbaenia | |||
| Family | Common Names | Example Species | Example Photo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amphisbaenidae Gray, 1865 |
Tropical worm lizards | Darwin's worm lizard (Amphisbaena darwinii) | - |
| Bipedidae Taylor, 1951 |
Bipes worm lizards | Mexican mole lizard (Bipes biporus) | - |
| Rhineuridae Vanzolini, 1951 |
North American worm lizards | North American worm lizard (Rhineura floridana) | 
|
| Trogonophidae Gray, 1865 |
Palearctic worm lizards | Checkerboard worm lizard (Trogonophis wiegmanni) | - |
| Anguoidea or Diploglossa | |||
| Family | Common Names | Example Species | Example Photo |
| Anguidae Oppel, 1811 |
Glass lizards | Slow worm (Anguis fragilis) | 
|
| Anniellidae Gray, 1852 |
American legless lizards | California legless lizard (Anniella pulchra) | 
|
| Xenosauridae Cope, 1866 |
Knob-scaled lizards | Chinese crocodile lizard (Shinisaurus crocodilurus) | 
|
| Gekkota | |||
| Family | Common Names | Example Species | Example Photo |
| Dibamidae Boulenger, 1884 |
Blind lizards | Dibamus nicobaricum | - |
| Gekkonidae Gray, 1825 |
Geckos | Thick-tailed gecko (Underwoodisaurus milii) | 
|
| Pygopodidae Boulenger, 1884 |
Legless lizards | Burton's snake lizard (Lialis burtonis) | - |
| Iguania | |||
| Family | Common Names | Example Species | Example Photo |
| Agamidae Spix, 1825 |
Agamas | Eastern bearded dragon (Pogona barbata) | 
|
| Chamaeleonidae Gray, 1825 |
Chameleons | Veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus) | 
|
| Corytophanidae Frost & Etheridge, 1989 |
Casquehead lizards | Plumed basilisk (Basiliscus plumifrons) | 
|
| Crotaphytidae Frost & Etheridge, 1989 |
Collared and leopard lizards | Common collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris) | خطأ في إنشاء صورة مصغرة: الملف مفقود
|
| Hoplocercidae Frost & Etheridge, 1989 |
Wood lizards or clubtails | Club-tail iguana (Hoplocercus spinosus) | - |
| Iguanidae | Iguanas | Marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) | 
|
| Leiosauridae Frost et al., 2001 |
- | Darwin's iguana (Diplolaemus darwinii) | - |
| Opluridae Frost & Etheridge, 1989 |
Madagascan iguanas | Chalarodon (Chalarodon madagascariensis) | - |
| Phrynosomatidae Frost & Etheridge, 1989 |
Earless, spiny, tree, side-blotched and horned lizards | Greater earless lizard (Cophosaurus texanus) | 
|
| Polychrotidae Frost & Etheridge, 1989 |
Anoles | Carolina anole (Anolis carolinensis) | 
|
| Tropiduridae Frost & Etheridge, 1989 |
Neotropical ground lizards | (Microlophus peruvianus) | 
|
| Platynota or Varanoidea | |||
| Family | Common Names | Example Species | Example Photo |
| Helodermatidae | Gila monsters | Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) | 
|
| Lanthanotidae | Earless monitor | Earless monitor (Lanthanotus borneensis) | - |
| Varanidae | Monitor lizards | Perentie (Varanus giganteus) | 
|
| Scincomorpha | |||
| Family | Common Names | Example Species | Example Photo |
| Cordylidae | Spinytail lizards | Girdle-tailed lizard (Cordylus warreni) | 
|
| Gerrhosauridae | Plated lizards | Sudan plated lizard (Gerrhosaurus major) | 
|
| Gymnophthalmidae | Spectacled lizards | - | - |
| Lacertidae Oppel, 1811 |
Wall or true lizards | Ocellated lizard (Lacerta lepida) | 
|
| Scincidae Oppel, 1811 |
Skinks | Western blue-tongued skink (Tiliqua occipitalis) | 
|
| Teiidae | Tegus or whiptails | Blue tegu (Tupinambis teguixin) | 
|
| Xantusiidae | Night lizards | Granite night lizard (Xantusia henshawi) | 
|
| Alethinophidia | |||
| Family | Common Names | Example Species | Example Photo |
| Acrochordidae Bonaparte, 1831[2] |
File snakes | Marine file snake (Acrochordus granulatus) | 
|
| Aniliidae Stejneger, 1907[3] |
Coral pipe snakes | Burrowing false coral (Anilius scytale) | |
| Anomochilidae Cundall, Wallach and Rossman, 1993.[4] |
Dwarf pipe snakes | Leonard's pipe snake, (Anomochilus leonardi) | |
| Atractaspididae Günther, 1858[5] |
Mole vipers | Bibron's burrowing asp (Atractaspis bibroni) | |
| Boidae Gray, 1825[2] |
Boas | Amazon tree boa (Corallus hortulanus) | 
|
| Bolyeriidae Hoffstetter, 1946 |
Round Island boas | Round Island burrowing boa (Bolyeria multocarinata) | |
| Colubridae Oppel, 1811[2] |
Colubrids | Grass snake (Natrix natrix) | .jpg)
|
| Cylindrophiidae Fitzinger, 1843 |
Asian pipe snakes | Red-tailed pipe snake (Cylindrophis ruffus) | 
|
| Elapidae Boie, 1827[2] |
Cobras, coral snakes, mambas, kraits, sea snakes, sea kraits, Australian elapids | King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) | 
|
| Loxocemidae Cope, 1861 |
Mexican burrowing snakes | Mexican burrowing snake (Loxocemus bicolor) | 
|
| Pythonidae Fitzinger, 1826 |
Pythons | Ball python (Python regius) | 
|
| Tropidophiidae Brongersma, 1951 |
Dwarf boas | Northern eyelash boa (Trachyboa boulengeri) | |
| Uropeltidae Müller, 1832 |
Shield-tailed snakes, short-tailed snakes | Cuvier's shieldtail (Uropeltis ceylanica) | 
|
| Viperidae Oppel, 1811[2] |
Vipers, pitvipers, rattlesnakes | European asp (Vipera aspis) | 
|
| Xenopeltidae Bonaparte, 1845 |
Sunbeam snakes | Sunbeam snake (Xenopeltis unicolor) | 
|
| Scolecophidia | |||
| Family | Common Names | Example Species | Example Photo |
| Anomalepidae Taylor, 1939[2] |
Dawn blind snakes | Dawn blind snake (Liotyphlops beui) | |
| Leptotyphlopidae Stejneger, 1892[2] |
Slender blind snakes | Texas blind snake (Leptotyphlops dulcis) | 
|
| Typhlopidae Merrem, 1820[6] |
Blind snakes | Black blind snake (Typhlops reticulatus) |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
الهامش
- ^ أ ب
Fry, B.; et al. (2006). "Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes" (PDF). Nature. 439 (7076): 584–588. doi:10.1038/nature04328. PMID 16292255.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); External link in|format=|month=ignored (help) - ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Cogger(1991), p.23
- ^ Aniliidae (TSN {{{ID}}}). Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Anomochilidae (TSN {{{ID}}}). Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Atractaspididae (TSN {{{ID}}}). Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Typhlopidae (TSN {{{ID}}}). Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
الهامش
- Bebler, John L.; King, F. Wayne (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of North America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 581. ISBN 0394508246.
- Capula, Massimo (1989). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of the World. نيويورك: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0671690981.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Cogger, Harold; Zweifel, Richard (1992). Reptiles & Amphibians. Sydney, Australia: Weldon Owen. ISBN 0831727861.
- Conant, Roger; Collins, Joseph (1991). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians Eastern/Central North America. Boston, مساتشوستس: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0395583896.
- Ditmars, Raymond L (1933). Reptiles of the World: The Crocodilians, Lizards, Snakes, Turtles and Tortoises of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. نيويورك: Macmillian. p. 321.
- Evans SE. 2003. At the feet of the dinosaurs: the origin, evolution and early diversification of squamate reptiles (Lepidosauria: Diapsida). Biological Reviews, Cambridge 78: 513–551. DOI: 10.1017/S1464793103006134
- Evans SE. 2008. The skull of lizards and tuatara. In Biology of the Reptilia, Vol.20, Morphology H: the skull of Lepidosauria, Gans C, Gaunt A S, Adler K. (eds). Ithica, New York, Society for the study of Amphibians and Reptiles. pp1–344. Weblink to purchase
- Evans SE, Jones MEH. 2010. The origin, early history and diversification of lepidosauromorph reptiles. In Bandyopadhyay S. (ed.), New Aspects of Mesozoic Biodiversity, 27 Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 132, 27-44. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-10311-7_2
- Freiberg, Dr. Marcos; Walls, Jerry (1984). The World of Venomous Animals. نيوجرزي: TFH Publications. ISBN 0876665679.
- Gibbons, J. Whitfield; Gibbons, Whit (1983). Their Blood Runs Cold: Adventures With Reptiles and Amphibians. Alabama: University of Alabama Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0817301354.
- McDiarmid, RW; Campbell, JA; Touré, T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. p. 511. ISBN 1893777006.
- Mehrtens, John (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. نيويورك: Sterling. ISBN 0806964618.
- Rosenfeld, Arthur (1989). Exotic Pets. نيويورك: Simon & Schuster. p. 293. ISBN 067147654.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: length (help)