الحدود البنينية النيجرية

خريطة الحدود البنينية (من داهومي)-النيجرية.

الحدود البنينية النيجرية، هي حدود دولية تمتد 277 كيلومتراً، من النقطة الثلاثية مع بوركينا فاسو في الغرب والنقطة الثلاثة مع نيجيريا في الشرق.[1]

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الوصف

The Benin–Niger border starts in the north-west at the tripoint with Burkina Faso in the Mékrou River, then follows this river in a north-eastwards direction before reaching the Niger River. The border then follows the Niger River south-eastwards to the Nigerian tripoint.[2] The entire Mékrou river section of the boundary falls within the trans-border W National Park, home to numerous species such as hippos and elephants. Furthermore, the Nigerien side of the Niger river section is protected as the Dosso Reserve, which protects one of the last remaining populations of West African giraffe.[3]


التاريخ

The 1880s saw an intense competition between the European powers for territories in Africa, a process known as the Scramble for Africa. This culminated in the Berlin Conference of 1884, in which the European nations concerned agreed upon their respective territorial claims and the rules of engagements going forward. As a result of this France gained control of the upper valley of the Niger River (roughly equivalent to the areas of modern Mali and Niger).[4] France began occupying the area of modern Benin from 1893, later naming it Dahomey;[4][2] the area encompassing the territory of modern Niger was conquered in 1900. Both areas came the control of the federal colony of French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française, abbreviated AOF).[5] The rivers Niger and Mékrou were confirmed as forming the boundary between Niger and Dahomey in a French statute of 27 October 1938.[4][2]

As the movement for decolonisation grew in the post-Second World War era, France gradually granted more political rights and representation for its African colonies, culminating in the granting of broad internal autonomy to each colony in 1958 within the framework of the French Community.[6] In August 1960 both Niger and Dahomey (renamed Benin in 1975) gained full independence, and their mutual frontier became an international one between two sovereign states.[4]

Since independence there were a number of disputes over the precise allocation of 24 riverine islands, most notably Lété Island, none of which had been covered by the colonial-era boundary agreement. The two states forwarded the case to the International Court of Justice in 2001; in 2005 the ICJ adjudicated on the matter, awarding 16 islands to Niger and nine to Benin.[7][8][9]

المستوطنات الحدودية

معبر حدودي عند مالان‌ڤيل-گايا.

بنين

النيجر

المعابر الحدودية

The main border crossing is located at Malanville (Benin)-Gaya (Niger).[10] It is also possible to travel via the W National Park, where the border itself is open.[11]

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ CIA World Factbook - Niger, 3 November 2019, https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/ 
  2. ^ أ ب ت Brownlie, Ian (1979). African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia. Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co. pp. 160–63.
  3. ^ The Annotated Ramsar List: Niger Archived 29 يونيو 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Dallol Bosso. 26 April 2004
  4. ^ أ ب ت ث International Boundary Study No. 140 Benin-Niger Boundary, 6 November 1974, https://fall.fsulawrc.com/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS140.pdf, retrieved on 5 November 2019 
  5. ^ Decree 7 September 1911, rattachant le territoire militaire du Niger au gouvernement général de l'Afrique occidentale française, published in the Official Journal of the French Republic on 12 Septembre 1911 (Online)
  6. ^ Haine, Scott (2000). The History of France (1st ed.). Greenwood Press. p. 183. ISBN 0-313-30328-2.
  7. ^ UN World Court decides Niger, Benin border dispute, UN News, 13 July 2019, https://news.un.org/en/story/2005/07/144962-un-world-court-decides-niger-benin-border-dispute, retrieved on 8 November 2019 
  8. ^ Fabio Spadi (2005) The ICJ Judgment in the Benin-Niger Border Dispute: the interplay of titles and ‘effectivités’ under the uti possidetis juris principle, Leiden Journal of International Law Archived 2006-09-29 at the Wayback Machine 18: 777-794
  9. ^ De la loi autorisant ratification de la loi no. 2001-25 du 9 novembre 2002, relative au compromis de saisine de la Cour Internationale de Justice, La Revue Législative (Publication de l’Assemblée nationale du Niger), Fèvrier 2003 - No.01, page 22-24.
  10. ^ Geels, Jolijn, (2006) Bradt Travel Guide - Niger, pgs. 47
  11. ^ Butler, Stuart (2019) Bradt Travel Guide - Niger, pgs. 44
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