أفتنبوستن

Aftenposten
	The front page, 6 February 2023
النوع	Daily newspaper
الفورمة	Compact
المالك	Schibsted (99.99%); Stiftelsen Tinius (0.01%)
المحرر	Trine Eilertsen
تأسست	14 مايو 1860; منذ 164 سنة
اللغة	Norwegian
المقر الرئيسي	Oslo, Norway
ISSN	0804-3116
الموقع الإلكتروني	www.aftenposten.no

Aftenposten (Aftenpoſten in the masthead; نرويجي شرقي حضري: [ˈɑ̂ftn̩ˌpɔstn̩]; Norwegian for "The Evening Post") is Norway's largest printed newspaper by circulation. It is based in Oslo. It sold 211,769 daily copies in 2015 (172,029 printed copies according to University of Bergen)^[2] and estimated 1.2 million readers.^[3] It converted from broadsheet to compact format in March 2005.^[4]^[5] Aftenposten's online edition is at Aftenposten.no. It is considered a newspaper of record for Norway.

Aftenposten is a private company wholly owned by the public company Schibsted ASA.^[6] Norway's second largest newspaper, VG, is also owned by Schibsted. Norwegian owners held a 42% of the shares in Schibsted at the end of 2015.^[7]

The paper has around 240 employees.^[8] Trine Eilertsen was appointed editor-in-chief in 2020.

Aftenposten has correspondents based in Kyiv, Brussels, New York, Moscow and Istanbul (2023). ^[9]

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History and profile

Aftenposten was founded by Christian Schibsted on 14 May 1860^[10] under the name Christiania Adresseblad. The following year, it was renamed Aftenposten. Since 1885, the paper has printed two daily editions. A Sunday edition was published until 1919, and was reintroduced in 1990. The Friday-morning edition carries the A-magasinet supplement, featuring articles on science, politics, and the arts. In 1886, Aftenposten bought a rotary press, being the first Norwegian newspaper in this regard.^[11]

Historically, Aftenposten labelled itself as "independent, conservative",^[10] most closely aligning their editorial platform with the Norwegian Conservative Party. This manifested itself in blunt anticommunism during the interwar era. During World War II, Aftenposten, due to its large circulation, was put under the directives of the German occupational authorities, and a Nazi editorial management was imposed. Its editor-in-chief was H. Nesse at that time, and he was arrested and imprisoned in Grini concentration camp.^[12]

Aftenposten is based in Oslo.^[10]^[13] In the late 1980s, Egil Sundar served as the editor-in-chief and attempted to transform the paper into a nationally distributed newspaper.^[14] However, he was forced to resign from his post due to his attempt.^[14]

Editions

In addition to the morning edition, Aftenposten published a separate evening edition called Aften (previously Aftenposten Aften). This edition was published on weekdays and Saturdays until the Sunday morning edition was reintroduced in 1990. The evening edition was only circulated in the central eastern part of Norway, i.e. Oslo and Akershus counties. Thus, it focused on news related to this area, in contrast with the morning edition, which focuses on national and international news. The evening edition was converted to tabloid format in 1997. From April 2006, the Thursday edition of Aften also included a special edition with news specific to a part of Oslo or Akershus, called Lokal Aften ("Local Evening"). This edition had eight versions, with each subscriber receiving the version which is most relevant to the area in which he or she lives. In areas not covered by any of the eight versions (for example Romerike and Follo), the version for central Oslo was distributed. From May 2009, Aften was only printed and distributed Tuesday through Thursday. The publication of Aften ended on 20 December 2012.^[15]

Aftenposten started its online edition in 1995.^[16]

Controversies

Aftenposten opposed the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to German pacifist Carl von Ossietzky in 1935.

In 1945, Aftenposten published an obituary of Adolf Hitler in which the 86-year-old Nobel-laureate novelist Knut Hamsun referred to Hitler as "a warrior for humankind and a preacher of the gospel of justice for all nations".^[17] At that time, Aftenposten was under the censorship of the German occupying forces.

Historically, Aftenposten has not received the same number of lawsuits or as much attention from the Norwegian Press Complaints Commission as some of the larger tabloids.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]} However, there are exceptions. In 2007, Aftenposten alleged that Julia Svetlichnaya, the last person to interview the murdered Russian national Alexander Litvinenko, was a Kremlin agent. London correspondent Hilde Harbo admitted having allowed herself to be fed disinformation emanating from the Russian emigrant community without investigating the matter properly.^[18] Aftenposten eventually had to apologize and pay Svetlichnaya's legal costs.

In 2011 the newspaper was criticized by Jon Hustad for publishing conspiracy theories that promoted the false claim that convicted Soviet spy Arne Treholt was innocent, based entirely on a book by convicted fraudster Geir Selvik Malthe-Sørenssen that was revealed to be based on a fabricated source.^[19] In a study dated 2016 Aftenposten was found to contain the epithet Negro (Norwegian: neger) at the highest frequency in the period between 1970 and 2014 with 674 references.^[20] In 2021 the paper was criticized by the youth organization of the National Association for Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Transgender People for allegedly publishing articles that promoted transphobic conspiracy theories about trans women.^[21]

Editorial line

Aftenposten had a conservative stance and supported the political party Høyre^[22] until the breakdown of party press system in the country.^[6] Following this, the paper positioned itself as an independent centre-right newspaper.^[6]

Language

From its establishment in 1860 until 1923, Aftenposten was published in the common Dano-Norwegian written language used in both Norway and Denmark, which was generally known as Danish in Denmark and as Norwegian in Norway, and which only occasionally included minor differences from each other in vocabulary or idiom. In 1923 Aftenposten adopted the Norwegian spelling standard of 1907, which mainly replaced the "soft" consonants (e.g. d, b) characteristic of Danish pronunciation (but also used in some Norwegian dialects) with "hard" consonants (e.g. t, p) characteristic of Eastern Central Norwegian pronunciation, but which was otherwise mostly identical with Danish. In 1928 Aftenposten adopted the most conservative variant of the spelling standard of 1917, which is largely similar to the "moderate Bokmål" or "Riksmål" standard used today.

During the Norwegian language struggle from the early 1950s, Aftenposten was the main newspaper of the Riksmål variety of Norwegian, and maintained close ties to the Riksmål movement's institutions, recognising the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature as the sole authoritative body for regulating the Norwegian language as used by the newspaper. Due to its status as the country's largest and most influential newspaper, Aftenposten therefore had a significant influence on the developments that took place during the Norwegian language struggle. The "moderate" or "conservative" Riksmål language used by Aftenposten was mainly associated with a conservative stance in Norwegian politics, and was contrasted with the "radical" Samnorsk language, an attempt to merge Bokmål with Nynorsk which was promoted by socialist governments in the 1950s. By 1960 it had become apparent that the Samnorsk attempt had failed, and as a result, Aftenposten's Riksmål standard and the government-promoted Bokmål standard have in the following decades become almost identical as the Bokmål standard has incorporated nearly all of Riksmål. As a consequence, Aftenposten decided to describe its language as "Moderate Bokmål" from 2006, and published its own dictionary, based on Riksmål and Moderate Bokmål, but excluding "radical" (i.e. similar to Nynorsk) variants of Bokmål.

The online version of the paper for some years during the early 2000s had an English section. To cut costs, Aftenposten stopped publishing English-language articles in early November 2008. Archives of past material are still available online.^[23]

Circulation

Aftenposten (morning paper)

Aftenposten 1980–2015

Numbers from the Norwegian Media Businesses' Association, Mediebedriftenes Landsforening 1980–2009:

1980: 223,925
1981: 227,122
1982: 230,205
1983: 232,459
1984: 233,998
1985: 240,600
1986: 252,093
1987: 260,915
1988: 264,469
1989: 267,278
1990: 265,558
1991: 269,278
1992: 274,870
1993: 278,669
1994: 279,965
1995: 282,018
1996: 283,915
1997: 286,163
1998: 288,078
1999: 284,251
2000: 276,429
2001: 262,632
2002: 263,026
2003: 256,639
2004: 249,861
2005: 252,716
2006: 248,503
2007: 250,179
2008: 247,556
2009: 243,188
2010: 239,831
2011: 235,795
2012: 225,981
2013: 214,026
2014: 221,659
2015: 211,769

Aften (evening paper) - now defunct

Numbers from the Norwegian Media Businesses' Association, Mediebedriftenes Landsforening: 1989–2009:

Aften 1989–2009.

1939: 78,700
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1989: 193,932
1990: 192,896
1991: 195,022
1992: 197,738
1993: 198,647
1994: 188,544
1995: 186,003
1996: 188,635
1997: 191,269
1998: 186,417
1999: 180,497
2000: 175,783
2001: 167,671
2002: 163,924
2003: 155,366
2004: 148,067
2005: 141,612
2006: 137,141
2007: 131,089
2008: 124,807
2009: 111,566

Aftenposten.no, online newspaper

The online newspaper Aftenposten.no had an average of 827,000 daily readers in 2015, an increase from 620.000 in 2010.^[24]

References

^ "Aftenposten AS - Oslo - Roller og kunngjøringer". Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
^ "medienorge". medienorge. Retrieved 2016-12-13.
^ "Aftenposten har det høyeste avisopplaget i Norge". Aftenposten. 3 March 2016. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
^ Ingrid Brekke (4 May 2013). "Tabloid i form, men ikke i sjel". Aftenposten (in النرويجية). Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
^ "Norway: leading daily's successful switch to compact". Editors Weblog. 22 March 2005. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت Stig A. Nohrstedt; et al. (2000). "From the Persian Gulf to Kosovo — War Journalism and Propaganda" (PDF). European Journal of Communication. 15 (3). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2015.
^ "Aksjonærer - Schibsted". www.schibsted.com. Archived from the original on 7 نوفمبر 2017. Retrieved 29 أبريل 2018.
^ "Aftenposten AS - 890412882 - Oslo - Se Regnskap, Roller og mer". proff.no. Retrieved 2023-04-11.
^ Njie, Ragnhild Aarø. "Øst-Europa-korrespondent fast ansatt i Aftenposten". kampanje.com (in النرويجية بوكمال). Retrieved 2023-04-11.
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت Bernard A. Cook (2001). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 935. ISBN 978-0-8153-4058-4.
^ Svennik Hoyer. "The Political Economy of the Norwegian Press" (PDF). Scandinavian Political Studies. Danish Royal Library: 85–141.
^ Joachim Joesten (Autumn 1942). "The Lights Went Out". The Virginia Quarterly Review. 18 (4): 551. JSTOR 26448498.
^ "Annual report 2012" (PDF). Schibsted Media Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
^ ^أ ^ب Sigurd Allern (2002). "Journalistic and Commercial News Values. News Organizations as Patrons of an Institution and Market Actors". Nordicom Review. 2 (2).
^ "Historien sett gjennom Aften-øyne". Aftenposten. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
^ "Online Journalism Atlas: Norway". Online Journalism. 25 January 2008. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
^ Gibbs, Walter (27 February 2009). "Norwegian Nobel Laureate, Once Shunned, Is Now Celebrated". The New York Times. p. C1. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. [I]n Oslo last week . . . at the National Library was the 7 May 1945, edition of a . . . newspaper whose lead article on Hitler's death was by Knut Hamsun. As most collaborators lay low, preparing alibis, Hamsun wrote, 'He was a warrior, a warrior for mankind, and a prophet of the gospel of justice for all nations'.
^ "Svetlichnaja and Litvinenko: Clarifications". Aftenposten. 9 December 2006. Archived from the original on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
^ Hustad, Jon (17 June 2011). "Konspirasjonsteoretikarane". Dag og tid.
^ Paul Thomas (2016). "Papa, Am I a Negro? The Vexed History of the Racial Epithet in Norwegian Print Media (1970–2014)". Race and Social Problems. 8 (3): 233. doi:10.1007/s12552-016-9179-4. hdl:10642/4424. S2CID 152211098.
^ Stenslie, Sol. "Pride er knapt over, før Aftenposten igjen lar en sinna mann spre hysteri og konspirasjonsteorier om transkvinner i idrett". Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
^ Rolf Werenskjold (2008). "The Dailies in Revolt". Scandinavian Journal of History. 33 (4): 417–440. doi:10.1080/03468750802423094. S2CID 142265516.
^ "So long, farewell ..." Aftenposten. 5 November 2008. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
^ "medienorge". Archived from the original on 2016-04-06.