مستعمرة روانوك

يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين the inland modern city of Roanoke, Virginia.

"Lost Colony" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة استخدامات أخرى، انظر Lost Colony (توضيح).

Roanoke Colony
Colony إنگلترة
1585–1590
ملف:A popular history of the United States - from the first discovery of the western hemisphere by the Northmen, to the end of the first century of the union of the states; preceded by a sketch of the (14781233224).jpg The discovery of the abandoned colony, 1590
Location of Roanoke Colony within what is now North Carolina
التعداد
• 1585	Approx. 108
• 1587	Approx. 112–121
التاريخ
الحكومة
• النوع	Colony
Governor
• 1585–1586	Ralph Lane
• 1587	John White
العصر التاريخي	Elizabethan era
• Established	1585
• Evacuated	1586
• Re-established	1587
• Found abandoned	1590
اليوم جزء من	Dare County, North Carolina, United States

The Roanoke Colony ( /ˈroʊəˌnoʊk/) refers to two attempts by Sir Walter Raleigh to found the first permanent English settlement in North America. The English, led by Humphrey Gilbert, had claimed St. John's, Newfoundland, in 1583 as the first North American English colony by royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I. Roanoke was second. The first Roanoke colony was established by governor Ralph Lane in 1585 on Roanoke Island in what is now Dare County, North Carolina, United States.^{:45, 54–59} Following the failure of the 1585 settlement, a second colony led by John White landed on the same island in 1587, and became known as the Lost Colony due to the unexplained disappearance of its population.^:xx,89,276

Lane's colony was troubled by a lack of supplies and poor relations with the local Native Americans. While awaiting a delayed resupply mission by Richard Grenville, Lane decided to abandon the colony and return to إنگلترة with Francis Drake in 1586. Grenville arrived two weeks later and left a small detachment to protect Raleigh's claim.^:70–77 In 1587 Raleigh sent White on an expedition to establish the Cittie of Raleigh in Chesapeake Bay. However, during a stop to check in on Grenville's men, the flagship's pilot Simon Fernandes insisted that White's colonists remain on Roanoke.^{:81–82, 89}

White returned to England with Fernandes, intending to bring more supplies back to his colony in 1588.^:93–94 Instead, the Anglo-Spanish War delayed his return to Roanoke until 1590.^{:94, 97} Upon his arrival, he found the settlement fortified but abandoned. The word "CROATOAN" was found carved into the palisade, which White interpreted to mean the colonists had relocated to Croatoan Island. Before he could follow this lead, rough seas and a lost anchor forced the rescue mission to return to England.^:100–103

The fate of the approximately 112–121 colonists remains unknown. Speculation that they may have assimilated with nearby Native American communities appears as early as 1605.^:113–114 Investigations by the Jamestown colonists produced reports that the Roanoke settlers were massacred, as well as stories of people with European features in Native American villages, but no hard evidence was produced.^:116–125 Interest in the matter fell into decline until 1834, when George Bancroft published his account of the events in A History of the United States. Bancroft's description of the colonists, particularly White's infant granddaughter Virginia Dare, cast them as foundational figures in American culture and captured the public imagination.^:128–130 Despite this renewed interest, modern research still has not produced the archaeological evidence necessary to solve the mystery.^:270

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 خلفية

A 1529 map depicting "Verazzano's Sea" extending from the North Atlantic to the Outer Banks

The Outer Banks were explored in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, who mistook Pamlico Sound for the Pacific Ocean, and concluded that the barrier islands were an isthmus. Recognizing this as a potential shortcut to Ming China, he presented his findings to King Francis I of France and King Henry VIII of England, neither of whom pursued the matter.^:17–19

 فرضيات عن اختفاء المستعمرة

”	It's the Area 51 of colonial history.	“
—Adrian Masters (historian, University of Texas):110

Without evidence of the Lost Colony's relocation or destruction, speculation about their fate has endured since the 1590s.^:110 The matter has developed a reputation among academics for attracting obsession and sensationalism with little scholastic benefit.^{:8,263,270–271,321–324}

Conjecture about the Lost Colonists typically begins with the known facts about the case. When White returned to the colony in 1590, there was no sign of battle or withdrawal under duress, although the site was fortified. There were no human remains or graves reported in the area, suggesting everyone left alive. The "CROATOAN" message is consistent with the agreement with White to indicate where to look for them, suggesting they expected White to look for them and wanted to be found.^:324–326

 تخمين - هجوم الپوهاتان على خليج تشساپيك

Chief Powhatan, detail of map published by John Smith (1612)

David Beers Quinn concluded that the 1587 colonists sought to relocate to their original destination—Chesapeake Bay—using the pinnace and other small boats to transport themselves and their belongings. A small group would have been stationed at Croatoan to await White's return and direct him to the transplanted colony. Following White's failure to locate any of the colonists, the main body of the colonists would have quickly assimilated with the Chesepians, while the lookouts on Croatoan would have blended into the Croatan tribe.

 في الثقافة الشعبية

ظهر نصف دولار أمريكي تذكاري صدر في 1937، يصوّر إليانور وڤرجينيا دير.

 انظر أيضاً

• List of people who disappeared mysteriously: pre-1970
• Timeline of the colonization of North America
• Other failed North American colonies:

• Charlesbourg-Royal
• Fort Caroline
• Charlesfort-Santa Elena Site
• Ajacán Mission

 وصلات خارجية

• Fort Raleigh National Historic Site
• The Lost Colony (1921 silent film)
• The First Colony of Virginia, documents originally from Richard Hakluyt's The Principall Nauigations (1598–1600)

 Historical/Archaeological organizations

• First Colony Foundation
• Croatoan Archaeological Society
• Roanoke Island Historical Association