روزالند فرانكلن

روزالند فرانكلن Rosalind Franklin
روزالند فرانكلن
وُلِدَ	25 July 1920 نوتنج هل, لندن, المملكة المتحدة
توفي	16 ابريل 1958 (سنها 37) تشلسا, لندن, المملكة المتحدة
سبب الوفاة	سرطان المبيض
الجنسية	بريطانية
المدرسة الأم	Newnham College, كمبردج
اللقب	Fine structure of coal and graphite, DNA structure, viruses
السيرة العلمية
المجالات	X-ray crystallography
الهيئات	British Coal Utilisation Research Association Laboratoire central des services chimiques de l'État King's College London Birkbeck College, London

فرانكلن في معملها

روزالند السي فرانكلن (25 يوليو 1920 - 16 ابريل 1958) ، هيبيولوجية إنجليزية وخبيرة في التصوير الإشعاعي وكان لها مسهامات هامة في فهم البنية الجزيئية للدنا, الفيروسات, الفحم والجرافيت. وقد اشتهرت فرانكلن لعملها X-ray diffraction images of DNA. وكان البيانات التي قدمتها فرانكلن لجيمس واطسون وفرانسيس كريك لها أكبر الأثير في مساعدتهم في إكشتاف بنية الدنا.

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 التعليم الجامعي

روزالند فرانكلن البنية الجزيئية للأحماض النووية
وليام أستبري	اوزوالد أڤري
فرانسيس كريك	إروين تشارگاف
جري دنهيو	روزالند فرانكلن
فوبس لڤين	لاينس پولنگ
إرڤين شرودنگر	ألكس ستوكس
جيمس واطسون	موريس ولكنز
ماكس دلبروك	ريموند گوسلنگ
سير جون راندل	هربرت ولسون

 كلية كينجز,لندن

Franklin and Gosling death notice for a helical structure for crystalline DNA (or A-DNA)

 كلية بيركبك, لندن

Electronmicrograph of Tobacco Mosaic Virus

 المرض والموت

مقبرة روزالند فرنكلن (1920 -1958)

 تكريم بعد الإعتراف

Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science

• 1982, Iota Sigma Pi designated Franklin a National Honorary Member.
• 1992, English Heritage placed a blue plaque on the house Rosalind Franklin grew up in.
• 1993, King's College London rename the Orchard Residence at their Hampstead Campus on Kidderpore Avenue Rosalind Franklin Hall.
• 1995, Newnham College dedicated a residence in her name and put a bust of her in its garden.
• 1997, Birkbeck, University of London School of Crystallography opened the Rosalind Franklin laboratory.
• 1998, National Portrait Gallery added Rosalind Franklin's next to those of Francis Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins.
• 2000, King's College London opened the Franklin-Wilkins Building in honour of Dr. Franklin's and Professor Wilkins' work at the college. King's had earlier, in 1994, also named one of the Halls in Hampstead Campus residences in memory of Rosalind Franklin.
• 2001, The U.S. National Cancer Institute established the Rosalind E. Franklin Award for Women in Science.
• 2003, the Royal Society established the Rosalind Franklin Award, for an outstanding contribution to any area of natural science, engineering or technology.
• 2004, Finch University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School, located in North Chicago, IL, changed its name to Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science.

• 2005, the wording on the DNA sculpture (which was donated by James Watson) outside Clare College's Thirkill Court, Cambridge, England is a) on the base: i) "These strands unravel during cell reproduction. Genes are encoded in the sequence of bases." and ii) "The double helix model was supported by the work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.", as well as b) on the helices: i) "The structure of DNA was discovered in 1953 by Francis Crick and James Watson while Watson lived here at Clare." and ii) "The molecule of DNA has two helical strands that are linked by base pairs Adenine - Thymine or Guanine - Cytosine." [1]

• An Honorary 2008 Horwitz Prize will be awarded by Columbia University to Rosalind Franklin, Ph.D., posthumously, "for her seminal contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA".[2]

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 المصادر

• Bryson, B. A Short History of Nearly Everything. (2004). Black Swan ISBN 0-552-99704-8.
• Crick, F., H., C. and Watson, J., D. Molecular structure of nucleic acids (1953) Nature 171 pp. 737-738.
• Crick, F. H. C. What Mad Pursuit, (1988). Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-09137-7.
• Elkin, L., O. Rosalind Franklin and the Double Helix Physics Today March 2003, pp. 42-48.
• Franklin RE (1950). "Influence of the bonding electrons on the scattering of X-rays by carbon". Nature. 165 (4185): 71. PMID 15403103. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Ferry, Georgina, 2007. Max Perutz and the Secret of Life. Published in the UK by Chatto & Windus (ISBN 0-701-17695-4), and in the USA by the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
• Franklin, R and Gosling, R., G. Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate Nature volume 171 pages 740-741. (1953)full text.
• Franklin, R.E. and Gosling, R.G. authors of papers received 6 March 1953: Acta Cryst. (1953). 6, 673 The Structure of Sodium Thymonucleate Fibres I. The Influence of Water Content II. The Cylindrically Symmetrical Patterson Function
• Franklin, R.E. "Structure of tobacco mosaic virus." Nature 175:379-381 (1955).
• Franklin, R.E. (1956) "Location of the ribonucleic acid in the tobacco mosaic virusparticle." Nature 177:928.
• Holt, J. (2002) "Photo Finish: Rosalind Franklin and the great DNA race" The New Yorker October
• Judson, Horace Freeland, "The Eighth Day of Creation:Makers of the Revolution in Biology" ( London: Jonathan Cape,1979),Penguin,1995;expanded edtion;New York:Cold Spring Harbor Press,1996).
• Maddox, B. Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA (2002). Harper Collins ISBN 0-00-655211-0.
• Wilkins, M., The Third Man of the Double Helix, an autobiography (2003) Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-280667-X.
• Nobel Prize (1962). The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962, for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material, Nobelprize.org
• Olby, R., "The Path to the Double Helix"(London:Macmillan,1974)
• Sayre, A. 1975. Rosalind Franklin and DNA. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-32044-8.
• Segev, T. One Palestine, Complete, (2000) (ISBN 0-349-11286-X) Abacus History.
• Stent, Gunther, editor. "Critical Edition of The Double Helix"(1980) W.W. Norton Co, New York and London. ISBN 0-393-95075-1.
• Watson, J. Letter to Science, 164, p. 1539, 27 (1969).
• Yockey, H. P. Information Theory, Evolution, and the Origin of Life (2005).

 قراءات إضافية

• Brown, Andrew; "J. D. Bernal: The Sage of Science", Oxford University Press, 2005; ISBN 0-199-20565-5
• Chomet, S. (Ed.), D.N.A. Genesis of a Discovery. Newman-Hemisphere Press (1994): NB a few copies are available from Newman-Hemisphere at 101 Swan Court, London SW3 5RY (phone/fax: 07092 060530).
• Crick, Francis (1988) "What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery" (Basic Books reprint edition, 1990) ISBN 0-465-09138-5
• Dickerson, Richard E.; "Present at the Flood: How Structural Molecular Biology Came About", Sinauer, 2005; ISBN 0-878-93168-6;
• Hager, Thomas; "Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling", Simon & Schuster 1995; ISBN 0-684-80909-5
• Freeland Judson, Horace (1996) [1977]. The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology (Expanded edition ed.). Plainview, N.Y: CSHL Press. ISBN 0-87969-478-5. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
• Glynn, Jennifer Franklin. "Rosalind Franklin, 1920 - 1958" in "Cambridge Women: Twelve Portraits" (CUP 1996) pp 267 - 282 eds. Edward Shils and Carmen Blacker, ISBN 0521482879
• Klug, A. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography article on R.E. Franklin, OUP, Matthew H.C.G. Ed., first published Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2007, 1840 words; ISBN 019861411X; was selected "Life of The Day" on 16th April 2008 (50th anniversary of her death).
• Klug, A. A lecture about Rosalind Franklin's contribution to the elucidation of the structure of DNA. in DNA Changing Science and Society: The Darwin Lectures for 2003 Krude, Torsten (Ed.) CUP (2003)
• Olby, Robert, (1972) 'Rosalind Elsie Franklin' biography in "Dictionary of Scientific Biography", ed. Charles C. Gillespie (New York: Charles Scribner's sons) ISBN: ISBN 0684101211
• Olby, Robert, The Path to The Double Helix: Discovery of DNA, (1974). MacMillan ISBN 0-486-68117-3
• "Quiet debut for the double helix" by Professor Robert Olby, Nature 421 (January 23, 2003): 402-405.
• Tait, Sylvia & James "A Quartet of Unlikely Discoveries" (Athena Press 2004) ISBN 184401343X
• Watson, James D. (1980). The double helix: A personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA. Norton. ISBN 0-393-01245-X.
• Wilkins, Maurice, "The Third Man of The Double Helix", OUP 2003; ISBN 978-0-19-280667-3.

 وصلات خارجية

• Rosalind Franklin in CWP at UCLA
• Himetop – The History of medicine topographical database in http://himetop.wikidot.com/rosalind-franklin
• The People's Archive: Sir Aaron Klug - see part 2, stories 12/13/17/18 re. Rosalind Franklin and:
• [3] Work at Birbeck and meeting REF (12)
• [4] Work with REF (13)
• [5] REF and the discovery of the structure of DNA. (17)
• [6] REF's death and joining the MRC's LMB in Cambridge (18)

 مقالات

Franklin, S.*My aunt, the DNA pioneer

• Elkin, L.O. "Rosalind Franklin and the Double Helix" in "Physics Today" magazine

Piper, A.*Light on a Dark Lady, republished article from Trends in Biochemical Science

• Oxford Dictionary of National Biography for article by Sir Aaron Klug

 وثائق

• Nova: "Secret of Photo 51"

BBC docudrama (that is very accurate) "Life Story" aka in the USA "Race for the Double Helix"

 منشورات ومختارات

• The Rosalind Franklin Society.
• The Rosalind Franklin Papers at the National Library of Medicine
• Anne Sayre Collection of Rosalind Franklin Materials
• Lynne Elkin collection of original Franklin research at the Bancroft Archive of the University of California, Berkeley
• The Rosalind Franklin Papers at Churchill Archives Centre in Cambridge.
• "Rosalind Franklin’s work on coal, carbon, and graphite", by Peter J F Harris in PDF format
• Energia Vol.6 No.6 (1995) (University of Kentucky centre forApplied Energy Research). Contains Rosalind Franklin Article in PDF format