كوينزلاند
كوينزلاند | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||
Slogan or nickname | The Sunshine State | ||||
Motto(s) | Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) and Beautiful one day Perfect the next | ||||
Other Australian states and territories | |||||
Capital city | بريزبين | ||||
Demonym | Queenslander, Banana Bender (colloquial) | ||||
Government | Constitutional monarchy | ||||
- Governor | Paul de Jersey | ||||
- Premier | Annastacia Palaszczuk (ALP) | ||||
Australian state | |||||
- الانفصال عن نيو ساوث ويلز | 6 June 1859 | ||||
- Statehood | 1901 | ||||
- قانون أستراليا | 3 March 1986 | ||||
Area | |||||
- Total | 1٬852٬642 كم² (2nd) 715٬309 sq mi | ||||
- Land | 1٬730٬620 كم² 668٬196 sq mi | ||||
- المياه | 121٬991 طك² (6.58%) 47٬101 sq mi | ||||
السكان (December 2018)[1] | |||||
- السكان | 5٬052٬827 (3rd) | ||||
- Density | 2.92/km² (5th) 7٫6 /sq mi | ||||
Elevation | |||||
- Highest point | Mount Bartle Frere 1,622 m (5,322 ft) | ||||
Gross state product (2017–18) | |||||
- Product ($m) | $339٬504[2] (3rd) | ||||
- ن.م.إ. للفرد | $68٬379 (5th) | ||||
منطقة التوقيت | UTC+10 (AEST) | ||||
التمثيل الفدرالي | |||||
- مقاعد مجلس النواب | 30/150 | ||||
- مقاعد مجلس الشيوخ | 12/76 | ||||
Abbreviations | |||||
- الرمز البريدي | QLD | ||||
- ISO 3166-2 | AU-QLD | ||||
Emblems | |||||
- الزهرة | Cooktown orchid (Dendrobium phalaenopsis)[3] | ||||
- الحيوان | كوالا (Phascolarctos cinereus) | ||||
- الطائر | Brolga (Grus rubicunda) | ||||
- السمكة | Barrier Reef anemonefish (Amphiprion akindynos) | ||||
- المعدن أو الحجر | Sapphire | ||||
- Colours | Maroon[4] | ||||
الموقع الإلكتروني | www |
كوينزلاند (Queensland) هي ولاية تقع في شمال شرق أستراليا. تعد ثاني أكبر ولايات أستراليا مساحة، وثالثها من حيث عدد السكان. عاصمتها بريزبين. من أشهر مناطقها گولد كوست، وصنشاين كوست، وتاونزڤيل، وروكامپتون، وماكاي، وكيرنز، وتوومبا، وماونت إيسا. تلقب الولاية كثيراً باسم ولاية أشعة الشمس (Sunshine State) لأنها تتمتع بطقس دافئ، وجزء ضخم منها يقع في منطقة الاستواء.
في نهاية عام 2005 وصل عدد سكان الولاية إلى أربعة ملايين نسمة. تعد كوينزلاند أسرع ولايات أستراليا نمواً سكانياً، حيث ينتقل إليها حوالي 1500 شخص أسبوعياً. كانت الولاية مستعمرة بريطانية، وقد فصلت عن ولاية نيوساوث ويلز في عام 1859.
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التاريخ
وصول الأستراليين الأصليين
The Aboriginal occupation of Queensland is thought to predate 50,000 BC, likely via boat or land bridge across Torres Strait, and became divided into over 90 different language groups.
During the last ice age Queensland's landscape became more arid and largely desolate, making food and other supplies scarce. This led to the world's first seed-grinding technology. Warming again made the land hospitable, which brought high rainfall along the eastern coast, stimulating the growth of the state's tropical rainforests.[5]
حرب التخوم
مستعمرة كوينزلاند
توسع اقتصاد كوينزلاند بسرعة في 1867 بعد أن اكتشف جيمس ناش الذهب في نهر ماري بالقرب من بلدة گمپي، مشعلاً حمى "الهروع إلى الذهب". وبينما كان مهماً، إلا أنه يتضاءل في الحجم بالمقارنة مع ڤكتوريا ونيو ساوث ويلز.
القرن العشرون
On 1 January 1901, Australia was federated following a proclamation by Queen Victoria. During this time, Queensland had a population of half a million people. Brisbane was subsequently proclaimed a city in 1902. In 1905, women voted in state elections for the first time, and the University of Queensland was established in 1909. In 1911, The first alternative treatments for polio were pioneered in Queensland and remain in use across the world today.
الجغرافيا
مستنقعات Mangrove في Cape Tribulation
نهر موسمان أثناء الموسم المطير
المناخ
Climate data for كوينزلاند | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 49.0 (120.2) |
47.2 (117.0) |
46.7 (116.1) |
41.7 (107.1) |
39.3 (102.7) |
36.0 (96.8) |
36.1 (97.0) |
38.5 (101.3) |
42.4 (108.3) |
45.1 (113.2) |
48.7 (119.7) |
49.5 (121.1) |
49.5 (121.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | 5.4 (41.7) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−10.6 (12.9) |
−10.6 (12.9) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−10.6 (12.9) |
Source 1: Bureau of Meteorology[6] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Bureau of Meteorology[7] |
الديمغرافيا
التعداد التاريخي | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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المحتد والهجرة
Country of Birth (2016)[11][12] | |
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Birthplace[N 2] | Population |
Australia | 3,343,657 |
New Zealand | 201,206 |
England | 180,775 |
India | 49,145 |
Mainland China | 47,114 |
South Africa | 40,131 |
Philippines | 39,661 |
Germany | 20,387 |
Vietnam | 19,544 |
South Korea | 18,327 |
الولايات المتحدة | 17,053 |
Papua New Guinea | 16,120 |
Taiwan | 15,592 |
At the 2016 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:[N 3][13][14]
- English (41.3%)
- Australian (37.9%)[N 4]
- Irish (13%)
- Scottish (11.2%)
- German (6.8%)
- Indigenous (4%)[N 5]
- Chinese (3.1%)
- Italian (3%)
- Indian (1.7%)
- Dutch (1.6%)
- New Zealander (1.6%)
- Maori (1.2%)
- Filipino (1.2%)
انظر أيضاً
ملاحظات
- ^ Pre-1971 figures may not include the Indigenous population.
- ^ In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately
- ^ As a percentage of 4,348,289 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2016 census.
- ^ The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the Anglo-Celtic group.[15]
- ^ Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
المراجع
- ^ "3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2018". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 20 June 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
- ^ "5220.0 – Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, 2017–18". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2018-11-16. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ "Floral Emblem of Queensland". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Queensland". Parliament@Work. Archived from the original on 8 مارس 2013. Retrieved 22 يناير 2013.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ A History of Queensland by Raymond Evans, Cambridge University Press, 2007 ISBN 978-0-521-87692-6
- ^ "Official records for Queensland in February". Daily Extremes. Bureau of Meteorology. 30 يونيو 2017. Archived from the original on 12 مارس 2018. Retrieved 8 يوليو 2017.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Official records for Queensland in October". Daily Extremes. Bureau of Meteorology. 30 يونيو 2017. Archived from the original on 12 مارس 2018. Retrieved 8 يوليو 2017.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ http://www.qgso.qld.gov.au/products/tables/historical-tables-demography/index.php
- ^ http://www.qgso.qld.gov.au/products/tables/historical-tables-demography/pop-capital-city-rest-state-queensland.csv
- ^ https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Jun%202016?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Jun%202016&num=&view=
- ^ https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/3?opendocument
- ^ http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub2016.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2016~Community%20Profile~3/$File/GCP_3.zip?OpenElement
- ^ https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/3?opendocument
- ^ http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub2016.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2016~Community%20Profile~3/$File/GCP_3.zip?OpenElement
- ^ Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of. "Feature Article - Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)". www.abs.gov.au.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
وصلات خارجية
- Geographic data related to كوينزلاند at OpenStreetMap
- Government of Queensland
- State Archives, Government of Queensland, http://www.archives.qld.gov.au/
- State Library, Government of Queensland, http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/
- Far North Queensland, AU: National Film and Sound Archive, 2012-08-21, http://www.nfsa.gov.au/blog/2012/08/21/far-north-queensland-time-capsule/.
- Daintrees, Richard, Glass plates, AU: National Museum, http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/richard_daintrees_glass_plates.
- أعمال من Queensland في مشروع گوتنبرگ
- Works by or about كوينزلاند at Internet Archive