شريش

Coordinates: 36°40′54″N 06°08′16″W / 36.68167°N 6.13778°W / 36.68167; -6.13778
"Jerez" و "Xeres" يـُحوّلا إلى هنا. للاستخدامات الأخرى, انظر the wine (توضيح).
Jerez
Municipality
Jerez de la Frontera
From left to right and from top to bottom: the Venencia roundabout , the Plaza de las Angustias , the Jerez circuit , the Gallo Azul , the interior of the Lustau wineries and the cathedral of Nuestra Señor San Salvador .
علم Jerez
Flag
درع Jerez
Coat of arms
موقع شريش
Jerez is located in اسبانيا
Jerez
Jerez
موقع شريش
Jerez is located in مقاطعة قادس
Jerez
Jerez
Jerez (مقاطعة قادس)
الإحداثيات: 36°40′54″N 06°08′16″W / 36.68167°N 6.13778°W / 36.68167; -6.13778
البلدإسبانيا
Autonomous communityAndalusia
ProvinceCádiz
الحكومة
 • MayorMaría José García-Pelayo Jurado (PP)
المساحة
 • الإجمالي1٬188٫23 كم² (458٫78 ميل²)
المنسوب
56 m (184 ft)
التعداد
 ()[1]
 • الترتيب25th, Spain
صفة المواطنJerezanos
منطقة التوقيتUTC+1 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
11401 – 11409
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.jerez.es

شريش أو خريز ده لا فرونتيرا ( Jerez de la Frontera ؛ النطق الإسپاني: [xeˈɾeθ ðe la fɾonˈteɾa]) or simply Jerez) مدينة إسبانية تقع في مقاطعة قادس من منطقة الأندلس، إسبانيا. Located in southwestern Iberia, it lies on the Campiña de Jerez, an inland low-land plain crossed by the Guadalete river, midway the Atlantic Ocean, the Guadalquivir river and the western reaches of the Subbaetic System.

وفي 2020، بلغ عدد سكانها 213,105 نسمة. Jerez is the most-populated municipality in the province of Cádiz. Its municipality covers an area of 1,188.14 km2 (458.74 sq mi) and includes Los Alcornocales Natural Park.

إسمها الإسباني هو Jerez de la Frontera إي شريش الحدود وذلك للدور التاريخي الذي لعبته أثناء حروب الاسترداد.

Winegrowing has long been, particularly upon the transition to modern agro-extractivism in the mid 18th century, the main drive of the economy of Jerez.[2] During the 19th century, the local wine Sherry was overwhelmingly produced for foreign export, catering to the British market in the first place.[3] Throughout this century the city earned a reputation as a paradigm for large landowners, high social inequality, and the winery-related identity.[4]

Since 1987, Grand Prix motorcycle racing has been held at the Circuito de Jerez in early May. The circuit has also hosted several Formula One Grands Prix, including the 1997 final race of the season, which was notable for a controversial championship-deciding incident. Other popular festivals in the city are the Feria de Jerez and the Holy Week.

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أصل الاسم

Venencia Roundabout, also known as Catavino Roundabout

The name Jerez goes back to the Phoenician Xera, Sèrès, later Romanized under the name of Ceret; the location of this settlement, however, remains unknown.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The classical Latin name of Asta Regia, unrelated to the present name, referred to an ancient city now found within Mesas de Asta, a rural district approximately 11 km (6.84 mi) from the center of Jerez.

The current Spanish name came by way of the Arabic name شريش Sherīsh.[5] During the Muslim period in Iberia, it was called Xerez or Xerés (pronounced /ʃeˈɾes̪/ in Old Spanish). The name of the famous fortified wine, sherry, which originated here[بحاجة لمصدر] (although some argue that it originated in Shiraz, Persia),[بحاجة لمصدر] represents an adaptation of the city's Arabic name, Sherish. Frontera is the Spanish-language cognate of 'frontier', owing to being located on the border between the Moorish and Christian regions on the Iberian Peninsula during the 13th century,[بحاجة لمصدر] a regular host to skirmishes and clashes between the two regions. Over two centuries later, after the Castilian conquest of the Emirate of Granada in 1492, Xerez definitively lost its status as a frontier city, but did not lose that designation.

After the Kingdom of Castile took Jerez on October 9, 1264, following the name given by the Muslims to the city in the period known as the Reconquista, the city was then called Xerez in medieval Castilian, transcribing the consonant /ʃ/ (like the English sh) with the letter ⟨x⟩, as was the rule at the time. Thus the name was pronounced "Sheres", similar to the Moorish Arabic "Sherish". In the 16th century, the consonant /ʃ/ changed into the consonant /x/, with the corresponding spelling of Jerez.

The old spelling "Xerez" as the name given to the city survived in several foreign languages until very recently, and today continues to influence the name given to sherry: Portuguese Xerez [ʃɨˈɾɛʃ], Catalan Xerès [ʃəˈɾɛs], English sherry /ˈʃɛri/, French Xérès [ɡzeʁɛs]. The city's main football team continues to use the old spelling, Xerez.


التاريخ

انظر أيضاً: Timeline of Jerez de la Frontera

قبل التاريخ والتاريخ القديم

Traces of human presence in the area date from the upper Neolithic, and humans have inhabited Jerez de la Frontera since at least the Copper or Neolithic Age, but the identity of the first natives remains unclear. The first major protohistoric settlement in the area (around the third millennium BC) is attributed to the Tartessians.[6] Jerez later became a Roman city under the name of Asta Regia (located 8 km further north at Cortijo el Rosario).

العصور الوسطى

After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the Vandals and the Visigoths ruled the area until the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the early 8th century. In the 11th century it briefly became the seat of an independent taifa. Some years later 'Abdun ibn Muhammad united it with Arcos de la Frontera and ruled both (ca. 1040–1053). In 1053 it was annexed to Seville. From 1145 to 1147 the region of Arcos and Jerez briefly operated as an emirate under the dependency of Granada, led by Abu'l-Qasim Ahyal. Later the Almohads conquered the city. In the 12th and 13th centuries Jerez underwent a period of great development, building its defense system and setting the current street layout of the old town.

شريش، القصر

In 1231 the Battle of Jerez took place within Jerez. Christian troops under the command of Álvaro Pérez de Castro, lord of the House of Castro and grandson of Alfonso VII, king of Castile and León, defeated the troops of the Emir Ibn Hud, despite the numerical superiority of the latter. After a month-long siege in 1261, the city surrendered to Castile, but its Muslim population remained. It rebelled and was finally defeated in 1264.

Due to its agriculture-based economy and demographics, Jerez was already a major city of the Lower Andalusia towards the end of the Middle Ages.[7]

ابن لبال الشريشي و أبو إسحاق البناسي وابن مالك وابن عبد المؤمن بن شاكل، كانوا أعلام المفكرين في شريش الإسلامية.

العصر الحديث المبكر

Jerez in the 1560s, by Anton van den Wyngaerde, as seen from the North–East.[8]

The discovery of the Americas and the conquest of Granada, in 1492, made Jerez one of the most prosperous cities of Andalusia through trade and through its proximity to the ports of Seville and Cádiz. Attracted by the economic possibilities offered by the winemaking business, a substantial foreign European population (English, Flemish, Portuguese and, most notably, Genoese) installed in the city.[9] Together with the local wealthy class, they participated in slave ownership.[10]

Despite the social, economic and political decadence that occurred in the seventeenth century, towards the end of the Habsburg rule, the city managed to maintain a reasonable[بحاجة لمصدر] pace of development, becoming world-famous for its wine industry.

العصر الحديث المتأخر

In January 1892, a peasant uprising took place in Jerez and its violent repression lead to a series of protests and revenge bombings in the next decade.[11]

Jerez in 1835

الحكومة

Allocation of seats, 2015
انظر أيضاً: List of mayors of Jerez de la Frontera

The city of Jerez is governed by the ayuntamiento (municipality) of Jerez, whose representatives, as in other towns in Spain, are elected every four years by universal suffrage for all citizens older than 18 years of age. The body is chaired by the mayor of Jerez. Currently, the mayor is María del Carmen Sánchez Díaz, a member of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, who won the municipal election in 2015, by the aid of Ganemos Jerez and IULV-CA.

الاقتصاد

Bodegas Garvey

The economy of Jerez has traditionally been centred on the wine industry, with exports of sherry worldwide. Because it lacks the civil service that other cities enjoy, Jerez has based its economy on industry. The cultivation of fruits, grains, and vegetables and horse and cattle husbandry has also been important to the local economy. It is the home base for the Spanish Military Stud farm, the Yeguada Militar de Jerez de la Frontera.

After the wine crisis in the 1990s, the city is now seeking to expand its industrial base. Tourism has been successfully promoted. The city's strong identity as a center for wine, flamenco, and horses, its popular festivals, MotoGP hosting and its historical heritage have contributed to this success.

The city is the home of Jerez Airport and has also been positioning itself as a logistics hub for western Andalusia, through the integration between the airport, the rail system and nearby ports.

الجغرافيا

الموقع

Jerez as seen by the European Space Agency's Sentinel-2 on 21 June 2019.

Jerez de la Frontera is located in the region of Campiña de Jerez, which includes the municipalities of Jerez de la Frontera and San José del Valle. The territory of the region corresponds to the previous municipality of the city of Jerez, before the disintegration of San José del Valle in 1995. The municipality of Jerez is the largest in the province of Cadiz and the sixth in Spain with 1188 square kilometers.

The region of the Campiña de Jerez is crossed by the Guadalete River. There are several wetlands in its territory, such as the lagoons of Medina and Torrox. There are also the Montes de Propio de Jerez, included in the Natural Park of Los Alcornocales. Its agriculture is known for the designation of origin of its wine, sherry, grown in the triangle formed between Jerez de la Frontera, Sanlúcar de Barrameda and El Puerto de Santa María.

Jerez de la Frontera is located 6 km (3.7 mi) from El Puerto de Santa Maria, 12 km (7.5 mi) from the Atlantic Ocean and 85 km (53 mi) from the Strait of Gibraltar. The city is one of the six municipalities that make up the Metropolitan Area of the Bay of Cadiz-Jerez, a polynuclear urban agglomeration formed by the municipalities of Cadiz, Chiclana de la Frontera, Jerez de la Frontera, Puerto Real, El Puerto de Santa Maria and San Fernando located in the Bay of Cadiz.


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المناخ

Jerez de la Frontera and the rest of the Cádiz metropolitan area have a Subtropical–Mediterranean climate. For its situation being inland (specially the airport which is further inland than the city), the Atlantic influences are small. Jerez is characterized by mild, short winters with occasional cool nights and hot, long summers with occasional very hot temperatures; unlike the surrounding coastal areas which are characterized by very mild winters and long warm summers. Most of the rain falls from October to January, while the summers are very dry but not rainless. For its situation being inland, the daytime temperatures are higher than in the coast and the lows are cooler, with a difference of at least 10 °C between the highs and the low temperatures of each month. The average annual temperature is 24.4 °C (76 °F) during the day and 11.9 °C (53 °F) at night. The average annual precipitation is 570 mm (22.4 in) per year, concentrated in the months of October through April. December is the wettest month with 109 mm (4.3 in). The city averages 53 rainy days, 137 clear days and 2,965 hours of sunshine a year. Snow is extremely rare, and it is even more infrequent than in most of the southern European islands. The last snowfall recorded in the city happened on February 2, 1954. Since then, no snowfall has been recorded.[12]

Climate data for Jerez de la Frontera (Jerez Airport) (1991–2020), Extremes (1921–)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 25.3
(77.5) 		29.0
(84.2) 		30.6
(87.1) 		33.6
(92.5) 		38.2
(100.8) 		42.0
(107.6) 		44.7
(112.5) 		45.1
(113.2) 		44.6
(112.3) 		36.5
(97.7) 		30.8
(87.4) 		26.8
(80.2) 		45.1
(113.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.5
(61.7) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.8
(69.4) 		22.9
(73.2) 		26.7
(80.1) 		30.7
(87.3) 		34.0
(93.2) 		34.3
(93.7) 		30.4
(86.7) 		26.0
(78.8) 		20.4
(68.7) 		17.4
(63.3) 		24.9
(76.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.9
(51.6) 		12.1
(53.8) 		14.6
(58.3) 		16.6
(61.9) 		19.8
(67.6) 		23.3
(73.9) 		26.0
(78.8) 		26.5
(79.7) 		23.5
(74.3) 		19.9
(67.8) 		14.9
(58.8) 		12.1
(53.8) 		18.4
(65.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5.3
(41.5) 		6.1
(43.0) 		8.3
(46.9) 		10.2
(50.4) 		13.0
(55.4) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.0
(64.4) 		18.6
(65.5) 		16.6
(61.9) 		13.6
(56.5) 		9.3
(48.7) 		6.8
(44.2) 		11.8
(53.2)
Record low °C (°F) −5.4
(22.3) 		−5
(23) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		−2
(28) 		5.0
(41.0) 		7.0
(44.6) 		9.8
(49.6) 		10.5
(50.9) 		7.0
(44.6) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−1
(30) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−5.4
(22.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 67.5
(2.66) 		51.0
(2.01) 		53.7
(2.11) 		50.4
(1.98) 		34.0
(1.34) 		9.2
(0.36) 		0.6
(0.02) 		2.5
(0.10) 		33.1
(1.30) 		84.5
(3.33) 		85.9
(3.38) 		87.1
(3.43) 		559.5
(22.02)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 6.3 6.0 6.4 6.1 3.8 1.2 0.2 0.4 2.9 6.6 7.0 7.4 54.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 194 200 228 259 309 334 365 342 260 234 197 179 3٬101
Source: Météo Climat[13]
Climate data for Jerez de la Frontera (Jerez Airport) (1981-2010), Extremes (1921–2022)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 25.3
(77.5) 		29.0
(84.2) 		30.6
(87.1) 		33.6
(92.5) 		38.2
(100.8) 		42.0
(107.6) 		44.7
(112.5) 		45.1
(113.2) 		44.6
(112.3) 		36.5
(97.7) 		30.8
(87.4) 		26.8
(80.2) 		45.1
(113.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.2
(61.2) 		17.8
(64.0) 		20.8
(69.4) 		22.2
(72.0) 		25.5
(77.9) 		29.9
(85.8) 		33.6
(92.5) 		33.5
(92.3) 		30.4
(86.7) 		25.5
(77.9) 		20.2
(68.4) 		16.9
(62.4) 		24.4
(75.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.7
(51.3) 		12.1
(53.8) 		14.6
(58.3) 		16.0
(60.8) 		19.0
(66.2) 		22.9
(73.2) 		25.9
(78.6) 		26.1
(79.0) 		23.7
(74.7) 		19.6
(67.3) 		14.9
(58.8) 		12.0
(53.6) 		18.2
(64.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5.2
(41.4) 		6.4
(43.5) 		8.3
(46.9) 		9.8
(49.6) 		12.5
(54.5) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.1
(64.6) 		18.7
(65.7) 		17.0
(62.6) 		13.7
(56.7) 		9.5
(49.1) 		7.1
(44.8) 		11.9
(53.4)
Record low °C (°F) −5.4
(22.3) 		−5
(23) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		−2
(28) 		5.0
(41.0) 		7.0
(44.6) 		9.8
(49.6) 		10.5
(50.9) 		7.0
(44.6) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−1
(30) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−5.4
(22.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 78
(3.1) 		56
(2.2) 		37
(1.5) 		49
(1.9) 		30
(1.2) 		9
(0.4) 		1
(0.0) 		2
(0.1) 		27
(1.1) 		72
(2.8) 		96
(3.8) 		109
(4.3) 		570
(22.4)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 6 6 5 6 4 1 0 0 2 6 7 8 53
Average relative humidity (%) 77 73 67 64 60 56 52 55 61 69 75 79 66
Mean monthly sunshine hours 184 187 224 251 300 318 354 334 250 225 184 158 2٬965
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[14][15]


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المعالم الرئيسية

Religious sites

Jerez Cathedral
Church of Santiago
Charterhouse of Jerez
Basílica del Carmen de Jerez
Alcazar of Jerez
Asunción Square and Church of San Dionisio
  • The Cathedral
  • Church of San Miguel (15th century), in Gothic–Baroque style
  • Church of San Mateo, in Gothic style, the oldest in the city
  • The Charterhouse
  • Church of Santiago, dating to the time of Alfonso X of Castile (reigned 1252–1284)
  • Church of San Juan de los Caballeros, created after Alfonso X's conquest of the city in 1264
  • Church of San Marcos (13th century)
  • Church of San Dionisio (13th century), built around 1457
  • Church of San Lucas, built over an old mosque
  • Church of San Francisco, containing the grave of Queen Blanca de Borbón (died 1361)
  • Church of San Pedro
  • Chapel of San Juan de Letrán
  • Calvary Chapel
  • Chapel of Los Desamparados
  • Convent of San José
  • Convent of Santa María de Gracia
  • Convento of Espíritu Santo
  • Hermitage of San Isidro Labrador
  • Hermitage of San Telmo
  • Church of Santo Domingo
  • Church of Los Descalzos
  • Convent of Las Reparadoras
  • Church of La Victoria
  • Hermitage of La Ina
  • Basílica del Carmen de Jerez

Palaces and manors

  • Casa-palacio de la calle Lealas, número 20
  • Casa-palacio de los Ponce de León
  • Casa de los Basurto
  • Casa Petra de la Riva
  • Palace of Marqués de Montana
  • Palacio Dávila
  • Palacio de Bertemati
  • Palacio de Campo Real
  • Palacio de Riquelme
  • Palacio de los Condes de Montegil
  • Palacio de los Condes de Puerto Hermoso
  • Palacio de los Morla y Melgarejo
  • Palacio de Luna
  • Palacio de Mirabal
  • Palacio de Villapanés
  • Palacio de Villavicencio
  • Palacio del Barón de Algar del Campo
  • Palacio del Conde de los Andes
  • Palacio del Marqués de Villamarta
  • Palacio Duque de Abrantes
  • Palacio Pemartín
  • Palacio San Blas

المتاحف

Arenal Square
  • Archaeological Museum
  • Bullfighting Museum
  • Nativity scene Museum
  • Museos de la Atalaya
  • Pinacoteca Rivero
  • Museo del Traje Andaluz
  • Museo de Tecnología Agraria Antonio Cabral
  • Museo del Enganche

Other monuments

Building Gallo Azul in Jerez de la Frontera
Old City Hall of Jerez de la Frontera

المصانع الرئيسية

بنى تحتية أخرى

Mamelón Square
roundabout of Minotaur

Culture

النبيذ

Sherry wine

Jerez is the world capital of sherry, a fortified wine made from white grapes grown near the city of Jerez. Jerez has been a centre of viniculture since the Phoenicians introduced winemaking to Spain in 1100 BC.[بحاجة لمصدر] The Romans continued the practice after they took control of Iberia around 200 BC. The Moors conquered the region in AD 711 and introduced distillation, which led to the development of brandy and fortified wine. Because sherry was a major wine export to the United Kingdom, British families founded many of the Jerez cellars. The city has many bodegas (wineries), many of which are of British origin. The most important include:

  • González Byass: Manuel María González Angel founded this bodega in 1835, and his English agent, Robert Blake Byass subsequently joined in. The firm produces the fino sherry Tío Pepe.
  • Williams & Humbert: This is a winery located in Jerez de la Frontera dedicated to the production of sherry wines and brandies and other liqueurs. Sir Alexander Williams and Arthur Humbert founded it in 1877.
  • Grupo Garvey: founded in 1780 by William Garvey Power.
  • Grupo Estévez: owns the Marqués del Real Tesoro and Valdespin bodegas. With origins dating from 1430, Valdespino is one of the oldest bodegas in the area.[بحاجة لمصدر]
  • Domecq: is a winemaking company founded by Álvaro Domecq Díez's father.

Brandy de Jerez is a brandy exclusively produced within the "Sherry Triangle" (which is bounded by Jerez de la Frontera, El Puerto de Santa María and Sanlúcar de Barrameda, all in the province of Cádiz). Brandy de Jerez is used in Spanish cuisine, especially with meats.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Carthusian breed of horses

انظر أيضاً: Carthusian horse
Carthusian horses

Jerez is the original home of the Carthusian sub-strain of the Andalusian horse breed, known as the Caballo cartujano in Spain. In the latter 1400s, the Carthusian monks began breeding horses on lands donated by Álvaro Obertos de Valeto for construction of the Charterhouse of Jerez de la Frontera (la Cartuja de Jerez de la Frontera). When the Spanish Crown decreed that Spanish horse breeders should breed their Andalusian stock with Neapolitan and central European stock, the monks refused to comply,[16] and continued to select their best specimens to develop their own jealously guarded bloodline for almost four hundred years.

Jerez is the home of the Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art, a riding school comparable to the famous Spanish Riding School of Vienna.

Another famous equine institution headquartered in Jerez is the Yeguada Militar de Jerez de la Frontera (known outside Spain as the Yeguada Militar), the Spanish military stud farm dedicated to the breeding of purebred Andalusian and Arabian horses. Founded in 1847, it became the official stud farm of the Spanish military in 1893.

The 2002 FEI World Equestrian Games were held in Jerez at the Estadio Municipal de Chapín, which was remodeled for the event, from September 10 to September 22, 2002. This was the 4th edition of the games, which are held every four years and run by the FEI.

فلامنكو

Monument to Lola Flores in Jerez de la Frontera

Jerez is proud of its Andalusian Centre of Flamenco, which was founded in 1993 to safeguard and promote the values and standards of flamenco. It is devoted to the investigation, recovery, and collection of flamenco-related historical documents, whether they are in audio, visual, or journalistic form. It also has a collection of flamenco artifacts, including musical instruments, costumes, promotional posters, sheet music, and postcards. The centre operates a museum and library to help educate the public and serve as a resource for scholars. Many of the most famous personalities of the city are or were involved in the performance of flamenco, including La Paquera de Jerez, Lola Flores and José Mercé.

الأعياد

Since 1987 the Grand Prix motorcycle racing has been held at the Circuito de Jerez in early May. Thousands of motorbikers from around the world come to the city this week to watch the MotoGP race held in Jerez annually. The race is one of the most watched races in Europe.

Another popular festival is the Feria del Caballo (declared a festival of international tourist interest), one of the most famous Spanish fairs, and the most important fair in the province of Cádiz. It is celebrated annually in the Parque González Hontoria for one week in May, occurring always after the Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix. The a fair dedicated mainly to the horse. All booths (casetas) at the fair are open to the public, so that attendees may walk into any one of them and enjoy the food, drinks, and dancing. This is one of the main features that differentiates the Feria de Jerez from the rest of the Andalusian Fairs, such as the Seville Fair, where most of the casetas are private and only card-holding members are allowed in.

Holy Week in Jerez, as in other cities in Andalusia, commemorates the Passion of Jesus Christ. It is celebrated by Catholic religious brotherhoods and fraternities that perform penance processions on the streets during the last week of Lent, the week immediately before Easter. The Holy Week of Jerez de la Frontera stands out for being one of the most important in Andalusia in terms of number of brotherhoods, quality in its carvings and iconographic sets. Holy Week in Jerez was declared of National Tourist Interest in 1993.

During the Christmas season, from the end of November to the end of December, many peñas (religious and cultural clubs) celebrate the holidays with public festivals where anyone can go to drink, eat, dance and sing Christmas carols, accompanied by friction drums called zambombas.

There are also:

Other institutions

The old quarter of Jerez, dating from medieval times, has been named an "Artistic Historic Complex". The Easter week celebrations in Jerez are of "National Touristic Interest", and its remarkable Feria del Caballo in May is an event of "International Touristic Interest".

The Andalusian Flamenco Centre is located in the Pemartín Palace (Palacio de Pemartín) and offers a library, displays, video films and live demonstrations of the art of flamenco dancing.

الرياضة

Circuito de Jerez

انظر أيضاً: Circuito de Jerez
The Circuito de Jerez during the 2017 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix.

The city of Jerez is the first motorcycling world capital.[17] It is the site of Circuito de Jerez, formerly called the Circuito Permanente de Jerez, where the annual MotoGP Motorcycle Grand Prix is contested.

The race course is also a prime destination for Formula One teams wishing to perform off-season testing. In the past it has hosted the F1 race itself, namely the Spanish Grand Prix between 1986 and 1990, before the race moved permanently to the Catalunya Circuit near Barcelona. Since then Jerez has hosted Formula One races a few times, with the designation of the European Grand Prix in 1994 and the controversial race in 1997.

Complejo Municipal de Chapín

Estadio Municipal de Chapín
Palacio de Deportes de Chapín

The Complejo Municipal de Chapín is a complex of sports facilities that includes a football stadium and field, a baseball field, equestrian facilities and a Sports Hall, as well as a futsal field and basketball and volleyball courts.

The Estadio Municipal de Chapín, a multi-purpose stadium, was built in 1988 and seats 20,523 spectators. In 2002 the stadium was remodeled to hold the 2002 FEI World Equestrian Games. The whole grandstand was covered with a roof, and a hotel and spa-gym were added. It was historically the home of Xerez CD, the city's club founded in 1947 and known simply as Xerez, which played in the top division in the 2009–2010 season. Currently, the stadium is the home of Xerez Deportivo FC, founded in 2013 to replace the old Xerez club.

The stadium, which has a running track, was designated as an Olympic Stadium. The most important track team training there is the Club Atletismo Xerez Deportivo FC, which won the Spanish championships in 2001–2007.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Canasta Unibasket Jerez and DKV Jerez are the city's basketball teams; they play in Palacio Municipal de Deportes de Chapín.

Venenciadores de Jerez, the city's baseball team, is currently without a home field and awaits completion of one in the Complejo Municipal de Chapín.

The main futsal team in Jerez is Xerez Deportivo FC (also known as Xerez Toyota Nimauto for sponsorship reasons). It was founded in 2014 and currently plays in the Ruiz Mateos Sports Center and the Palacio Municipal de Deportes de Chapín in Segunda Andaluza.

The most important rugby club is Club Rugby Xerez, which trains at the Pradera Hípica in Chapín.

Domecq Stadium

The Domecq Stadium was the first football stadium in Jerez de la Frontera. It was the home of Xerez CD and Jerez Industrial CF before its demolition. The Stadium del Parque (Park Stadium) was built in 1923 and remodeled (with the name of Domecq Stadium) in 1932 by the architect Francisco Hernández Rubio. It held 20,523 and it was demolished in 1988.

Juventud Stadium

Juventud Stadium

Currently, the Juventud Stadium is the oldest stadium in the city. It holds 5,000 and is the home of Jerez Industrial CF, founded in 1951, the main rival of Xerez.

Formerly, the football field belonged to the youth hostel which is located in the vicinity thereof, hence its name.

Antonio Fernández Marchán Stadium

It is the CD Guadalcacín stadium, which plays in the Tercera Division. It is placed in Guadalcacín, a neighborhood northern Jerez.

Other sports complexes

  • Complejo Deportivo de La Granja
  • Campo de fútbol de La Canaleja
  • Campo de Fútbol Manuel Millán
  • Campo de fútbol Juan Fernández Simón
  • Campo de fútbol de Picadueña
  • Polideportivo Ruiz-Mateos

Other sports

The 2014 Vuelta a España cycle race began in Jerez de la Frontera on 23 August, with a 12.6 km (7.8 mi) team time trial. The race followed a 21-stage route, finishing in Santiago de Compostela on 14 September.

Club Natación Jerez, is the main Swimming Club in Jerez. It has won the "Campeonato de España Master" ("Championship of Spain Master") many times.

Education

There are 76 elementary schools, 41 secondary schools, 12 adult education centres and 10 public libraries in the city of Jerez.[بحاجة لمصدر]

جامعة قاديس

The University of Cádiz, the provincial university, has a campus in Jerez. It specializes in socio-political studies.

The city is also home to a member of the Official School of Languages (Escuela Oficial de Idiomas) and a centre of the National Distance Education University (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED).

النقل

المطار

El Aeropuerto de Jerez, also known as Aeropuerto de La Parra, is the main airport in the province of Cádiz. It is located 8 km (5 mi) north of the city centre and is connected to the city by train and bus.

It was built in 1937, during the Spanish Civil War by the Nationalists in order to transport soldiers from Africa to Spain. The airport was open to civil traffic in 1992. It is the third most important airport in Andalucia after Malaga and Seville.

القطار

Jerez has had a railway line since 1854, which was one of the first in Spain, the Alcázar de San Juan–Cádiz railway. The line went between Jerez and El Puerto de Santa María and transported wine barrels for export. Jerez de la Frontera railway station is used by more passengers than Cádiz and is the fourth busiest in Andalucia.

Next to the Aeropuerto de Jerez, there is a new train station which connects the airport through the Cercanías Cádiz line C-1 to nearby Jerez, and also to Cádiz, Sevilla, Lebrija, Utrera, El Puerto de Santa María, and San Fernando.

الحافلات

The city of Jerez has 16 bus lines:

  • L 1 Esteve-San Telmo-Constitución
  • L 2 Esteve-Picadueñas
  • L 3 Esteve-La Plata-Mosto-San Juan de Dios
  • L 4 Esteve-García Lorca-El Altillo
  • L 5 Esteve-Campus-Guadalcacín
  • L 6 Esteve-Campus-La Granja
  • L 7 Angustias-La Pita-Estella del Marqués
  • L 8 Circunvalación I
  • L 9 Circunvalación II
  • L 10 Canaleja-Atlántico-Esteve-Hacienda-Hospital
  • L 12 Alcázar-C. Salud San Telmo-El Portal/Guadabajaque
  • L 13 Alcázar-Blas Infante-Asisa
  • L 14 Esteve-Villas Este-La Marquesa
  • L 16 Casinos-Hipercor-Ortega Y Gasset
  • L 19 Nueva Jarilla-Guadalcacín-Angustias
  • L 20 Rotonda-García Lorca-Guadalcacín

الحافلات بين المدن

From Jerez are made regular trips to the following towns:

الطرق

Identifier Itinerary Observations
A-4 E-5 Madrid - Córdoba - Seville - Dos Hermanas - Jerez - El Puerto de Santa María - Puerto Real - Cádiz Connects Jerez and the Province of Cádiz to Province of Seville
AP-4 E-5 Seville - Jerez - Cádiz Connects Jerez and the Province of Cádiz to Province of Seville
A-381 Jerez - Medina Sidonia - Alcalá de los Gazules - Los Barrios Connects Jerez to the Janda and the Campo de Gibraltar
A-382 Jerez - Jédula - Arcos de la Frontera Connects Jerez to the Sierra de Cádiz
A-480 Chipiona - Sanlúcar de Barrameda - Jerez Connects Bajo Guadalquivir to Jerez

الدراجات

Jerez has 41 km (25 mi) of bike lanes that follow the main avenues of the city.

Demographics

According to official population data from INE, the municipality of Jerez had 213,105[18] inhabitants as of January 1, 2020. This makes Jerez the most populous city in the province, fifth in Andalusia, and 25th in Spain.

النمو

Growth of the population of Jerez de la Frontera from 1842

Fuente: INE[19]

توزع السكان

Population centre names Kind Population 2012 Distance from city centre
Cuartillos Rural neighbourhood 1,300 inhabitants 11 km (6.8 mi) east
El Mojo-Baldío de Gallardo Rural neighbourhood 400 inhabitants 16 km (9.9 mi) southeast
El Portal Rural neighbourhood 700 inhabitants 6 km (3.7 mi) south
Estella del Marqués Village 1,650 inhabitants 5.5 km (3.4 mi) east
El Torno Village 1,300 inhabitants 20 km (12 mi) east
Gibalbín Rural neighbourhood 550 inhabitants 30 km (19 mi) northeast
Guadalcacín Village 5,500 inhabitants 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast
Jerez de la Frontera (city) City 190,000 inhabitants
La Barca de la Florida Village 4,353 inhabitants 20 km (12 mi) east
La Corta Rural neighbourhood 550 inhabitants 3.8 km (2.4 mi) south
La Ina Rural neighbourhood 800 inhabitants 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast
Las Pachecas Rural neighbourhood 430 inhabitants 8 km (5.0 mi) southeast
Las Tablas, Polila y Añina Rural neighbourhood 400 inhabitants 6 km (3.7 mi) west
Lomopardo Rural neighbourhood 283 inhabitants 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast
Los Albarizones Rural neighbourhood 420 inhabitants 3.5 km (2.2 mi) southeast
Majarromaque Rural neighbourhood 500 inhabitants 26 km (16 mi) east
Mesas de Asta Rural neighbourhood 600 inhabitants 11 km (6.8 mi) east
Mesas de Santa Rosa Rural neighbourhood 300 inhabitants 5 km (3.1 mi) north
Nueva Jarilla Village 1,600 inhabitants 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast
Puente de la Guareña Rural neighbourhood 500 inhabitants 16 km (9.9 mi) east
Rajamancera Rural neighbourhood 485 inhabitants 8 km (5.0 mi) southeast
San Isidro del Guadalete Village 650 inhabitants 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast
Torrecera Village 1,280 inhabitants 20 km (12 mi) southeast
Torremelgarejo Rural neighbourhood 730 inhabitants 10 km (6.2 mi) east

الهجرة

Immigrant Population in Jerez (2011)[20]
Country / Area
Men
Women
Total
% Pop.
 الاتحاد الأوروپي
929
913
1842
0,87%
Flag of Germany.svg ألمانيا
109
107
216
0,10%
البرتغال البرتغال
60
61
121
0,06%
Flag of France.svg فرنسا
103
124
227
0,11%
Flag of Italy.svg إيطاليا
124
95
219
0,10%
Flag of the United Kingdom.png المملكة المتحدة
193
135
328
0,15%
Flag of Romania.svg رومانيا
196
227
423
0,20%
Non-EU Countries
71
187
258
0,12%
Flag of Russia.svg روسيا
7
61
68
0,03%
Flag of Ukraine.svg أوكرانيا
29
91
120
0,06%
AFRICA
608
380
988
0,46%
المملكة المغربية المملكة المغربية
335
244
579
0,27%
AMERICAS
841
1344
2185
1,03%
Flag of Argentina.svg الأرجنتين
67
92
159
0,07%
Flag of Bolivia (state).svg بوليفيا
225
396
621
0,29%
كولومبيا كولومبيا
116
196
312
0,15%
Flag of Ecuador.svg إكوادور
57
73
130
0,06%
Flag of Peru (state).svg پيرو
38
49
87
0,04%
ASIA
165
160
325
0,15%
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg الصين
126
112
238
0,11%
OTHERS
2
0
2
0,001%
TOTAL
2606
2975
5581
2,62%

أشخاص

تصنيف رئيسي: People from Jerez de la Frontera
Lola Flores monument

International relations

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain

المدن الشقيقة

Jerez de la Frontera is twinned with:

See also

الصفحة وحدة:Portal/styles.css ليس بها محتوى.

المصادر

  1. ^ {{cite web}}: Empty citation (help)
  2. ^ Maldonado Rosso, Javier (1999). La formación del capitalismo en el marco del Jerez: de la vitivinicultura tradicional a la agroindustria vinatera moderna (siglos XVIII y XIX). Madrid: Huerga y Fierro Editores. pp. 23−26. ISBN 84-8374-086-9.
  3. ^ Simpson, James (2002). "Adapting to international markets: Sherry, 1820-1900". Douro. Estudos & Documentos. Porto: Universidade do Porto. 7 (13): 207−209.
  4. ^ Lozano Salado, Lola (2015). "Jerez, paradigma latifundista, burgués y obrero : relato de un siglo XIX clave". Movimiento obrero en la historia de Jerez y su entorno (siglos XIX y XX). Cádiz: Servicio de PUblicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz. p. 47.
  5. ^ Deroy Louis, & Mulon Marianne (1992) Dictionnaire des noms de lieux, París: Le Robert
  6. ^ Pedro Bosch Gimpera (1995). El poblamiento antiguo y la formación de los pueblos de España. UNAM. p. 210. ISBN 978-968-36-4439-8.
  7. ^ Izco Reina 2003, p. 391.
  8. ^ Aladro Prieto & Mosquera Adell 2018, p. 255.
  9. ^ Izco Reina 2003, pp. 393; 397.
  10. ^ Izco Reina 2003, pp. 392–393.
  11. ^ Yeoman, James Michael (2019-10-02). Print Culture and the Formation of the Anarchist Movement in Spain, 1890-1915 (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. pp. 81–85. ISBN 978-1-000-71215-5.
  12. ^ Velo, Eduardo (2 February 2018). "La última vez que nevó en Jerez - elMira Jerez". elmira.es. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  13. ^ "Météo climat stats Moyennes 1991/2020 Espagne (page 2)" (in الفرنسية). Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  14. ^ "Guía resumida del clima en España (1981-2010)". Archived from the original on 2013-05-26.
  15. ^ Meteorología, Agencia Estatal de. "Jerez de la Frontera Aeropuerto: Jerez de la Frontera Aeropuerto - Valores extremos absolutos - Selector - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España". www.aemet.es. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  16. ^ Bonnie L. Hendricks (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8.
  17. ^ http://www.circuitodejerez.com/index.php?id=29&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=126&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=487&cHash=842ea3c1aaec9e93bd683d28958ca24b JEREZ SERÁ CAPITAL MUNDIAL DEL MOTOCICLISMO EN 2015
  18. ^ "Population figures since 1996". ine.es. Spain's National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  19. ^ INEbase. Variaciones intercensales. En línea: http://www.ine.es/intercensal/ Consultado 23-07-2021. Cuando se dispone del dato de población de hecho y de derecho se ha tomado la cifra más alta.
  20. ^ "Población en Jerez de la Frontera, según procedencia" (PDF). jerez.es. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  21. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز "Hermanamientos". Ayuntamiento de Jerez de la Frontera. Archived from the original on 2019-03-03.
  22. ^ "Twin towns, Biarritz official website". Biarritz.fr. Archived from the original on 2013-07-29. Retrieved 2013-05-11.
  23. ^ "Mayor's Newsletter". www.elpasotexas.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

Bibliography

انظر أيضاً: Bibliography of the history of Jerez de la Frontera

الوصلات الخارجية

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