ج. إدغار هوڤر

(تم التحويل من ج. إدگار هوڤر)
جون إدگار هوڤر
John Edgar Hoover
Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg
J. Edgar Hoover
مدير مكتب التحقيقات الفدرالي الأول
في المنصب
March 22, 1935 – May 2, 1972
الرئيسفرانكلين د. روزڤلت
هاري ترومان
دوايت أيزنهاور
جون ف. كندي
ليندون جونسون
ريتشارد نيكسون
سبقهمنصب مستحدث
(was BOI director)
خلـَفهL. Patrick Gray
6th Director of the Bureau of Investigation
في المنصب
May 10, 1924 – March 22, 1935
الرئيسكالڤن كولدج
هربرت هوڤر
فرانكلين د. روزڤلت
سبقهوليام برنز
خلـَفهBecame FBI director
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد(1895-01-01)يناير 1, 1895
واشنطن، العاصمة
توفيمايو 2, 1972(1972-05-02) (aged 77)
واشنطن، العاصمة
المثوىCongressional Cemetery
الحزبIndependent Republican[1]
التعليمGeorge Washington University (LLB, LLM)
التوقيع

ج. إدگار هوڤر (1 يناير 1895 في واشنطن - 2 مايو 1972) كان أول رئيس لمكتب التحقيقات الفدرالي الأمريكي منذ 10 مايو 1924 إلى غاية وفاته. President Calvin Coolidge first appointed Hoover as director of the BOI, the predecessor to the FBI, in 1924. After 11 years in the post, Hoover became instrumental in founding the FBI in June 1935, where he remained as director for an additional 37 years until his death in May 1972 – serving a total of 48 years leading both the BOI and the FBI and under eight Presidents.

Hoover expanded the FBI into a larger crime-fighting agency and instituted a number of modernizations to policing technology, such as a centralized fingerprint file and forensic laboratories. Hoover also established and expanded a national blacklist, referred to as the FBI Index or Index List. Later in life and after his death, Hoover became a controversial figure as evidence of his secretive abuses of power began to surface.

He was also found to have routinely violated both the FBI's own policies and the very laws which the FBI was charged with enforcing,[2] to have used the FBI to harass and sabotage political dissidents, to amass secret files for blackmailing high-level politicians,[3] and to have collected evidence using illegal surveillance, wiretapping, and burglaries.[4][5] Hoover consequently amassed a great deal of power and was able to intimidate and threaten political figures, including high-ranking ones.[6][7]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

النشأة والتعليم

Dickerson Naylor Hoover

John Edgar Hoover was born on New Year's Day 1895 in Washington, D.C., to Anna Marie (née Scheitlin; 1860–1938) and Dickerson Naylor Hoover (1856–1921), chief of the printing division of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, formerly a plate maker for the same organization.[8] Dickerson Hoover was of English and German ancestry. Hoover's maternal great-uncle, John Hitz, was a Swiss honorary consul general to the United States.[9] Among his family, he was the closest to his mother, who was their moral guide and disciplinarian.[10]

Hoover was born in a house on the present site of Capitol Hill United Methodist Church, located on Seward Square near Eastern Market in Washington's Capitol Hill neighborhood.[11] A stained glass window in the church is dedicated to him. Hoover did not have a birth certificate filed upon his birth, although it was required in 1895 in Washington. Two of his siblings did have certificates, but Hoover's was not filed until 1938 when he was 43.[9]

Hoover lived his entire life in Washington, D.C. He attended Central High School, where he sang in the school choir, participated in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps program, and competed on the debate team.[4] During debates, he argued against women getting the right to vote and against the abolition of the death penalty.[12] The school newspaper applauded his "cool, relentless logic."[13] Hoover stuttered as a boy, which he later learned to manage by teaching himself to talk quickly—a style that he carried through his adult career. He eventually spoke with such ferocious speed that stenographers had a hard time following him.[14]

Hoover was 18 years old when he accepted his first job, an entry-level position as messenger in the orders department at the Library of Congress. The library was a half mile from his house. The experience shaped both Hoover and the creation of the FBI profiles; as Hoover noted in a 1951 letter: "This job ... trained me in the value of collating material. It gave me an excellent foundation for my work in the FBI where it has been necessary to collate information and evidence."[15]

Hoover obtained a Bachelor of Laws[16] from the George Washington University Law School in 1916, where he was a member of the Alpha Nu Chapter of the Kappa Alpha Order, and an LL.M. in 1917 from the same university.[17][18] While a law student, Hoover became interested in the career of Anthony Comstock, the New York City U.S. Postal Inspector, who waged prolonged campaigns against fraud, vice, pornography, and birth control.[13]


وزارة العدل

Hoover in 1932

قسم طوارئ الحرب

Immediately after getting his LL.M. degree, Hoover was hired by the Justice Department to work in the War Emergency Division.[19] He accepted the clerkship on July 27, 1917, aged 22. The job paid $990 a year ($18٬000 in 2024 dollars) and was exempt from the draft.[19]

Hoover soon became the head of the Division's Alien Enemy Bureau, authorized by President Woodrow Wilson at the beginning of World War I to arrest and jail allegedly disloyal foreigners without trial.[13] He received additional authority from the 1917 Espionage Act. Out of a list of 1,400 suspicious Germans living in the U.S., the Bureau arrested 98 and designated 1,172 as arrestable.[20]

Bureau of Investigation

Head of the Radical Division

In August 1919, the 24-year-old Hoover became head of the Bureau of Investigation's new General Intelligence Division, also known as the Radical Division because its goal was to monitor and disrupt the work of domestic radicals.[20] America's First Red Scare was beginning, and one of Hoover's first assignments was to carry out the Palmer Raids.[21]

Hoover and his chosen assistant, George Ruch,[22] monitored a variety of U.S. radicals with the intent to punish, arrest, or deport those whose politics they decided were dangerous.[مطلوب توضيح] Targets during this period included Marcus Garvey;[23] Rose Pastor Stokes and Cyril Briggs;[24] Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman;[25] and future Supreme Court justice Felix Frankfurter, who, Hoover maintained, was "the most dangerous man in the United States."[26]

In 1920 the 25 year-old Edgar Hoover was initiated as a Freemason[27][28][29] at D.C.'s Federal Lodge No. 1 in Washington, D.C. He went on to join the Scottish Rite in which he was made a 33rd Degree Inspector General Honorary in 1955.[30]

Head of the Bureau of Investigation

In 1921, Hoover rose in the Bureau of Investigation to deputy head, and in 1924 the Attorney General made him the acting director. On May 10, 1924, President Calvin Coolidge appointed Hoover as the fifth Director of the Bureau of Investigation, partly in response to allegations that the prior director, William J. Burns, was involved in the Teapot Dome scandal.[31][32] When Hoover took over the Bureau of Investigation, it had approximately 650 employees, including 441 Special Agents.[33]

Hoover fired all female agents and banned the future hiring of them.[34]

Hoover in 1940

Hoover was sometimes unpredictable in his leadership. He frequently fired Bureau agents, singling out those he thought "looked stupid like truck drivers," or whom he considered "pinheads."[35]:{{{1}}} He also relocated agents who had displeased him to career-ending assignments and locations. Melvin Purvis was a prime example: Purvis was one of the most effective agents in capturing and breaking up 1930s gangs, and it is alleged that Hoover maneuvered him out of the Bureau because he was envious of the substantial public recognition Purvis received.[36]

In December 1929, Hoover oversaw the protection detail for the Japanese Naval Delegation who were visiting Washington, D.C., on their way to attend negotiations for the 1930 London Naval Treaty (officially called Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament). The Japanese delegation was greeted at Washington Union (train) Station by U.S. Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson and the Japanese Ambassador Katsuji Debuchi. The Japanese delegation then visited the White House to meet with President Herbert Hoover.[37]

عصابات فترة الكساد

In the early 1930s, criminal gangs carried out large numbers of bank robberies in the Midwest. They used their superior firepower and fast getaway cars to elude local law enforcement agencies and avoid arrest. Many of these criminals frequently made newspaper headlines across the United States, particularly John Dillinger, who became famous for leaping over bank cages, and repeatedly escaping from jails and police traps. The gangsters enjoyed a level of sympathy in the Midwest, as banks and bankers were widely seen as oppressors of common people during the Great Depression.

The robbers operated across state lines, and Hoover pressed to have their crimes recognized as federal offenses so that he and his men would have the authority to pursue them and get the credit for capturing them. Initially, the Bureau suffered some embarrassing foul-ups, in particular with Dillinger and his conspirators. A raid on a summer lodge in Manitowish Waters, Wisconsin, called "Little Bohemia", left a Bureau agent and a civilian bystander dead and others wounded; all the gangsters escaped.

Video clips of famous Depression Era gangsters, including Pretty Boy Floyd, Baby Face Nelson, and Machine Gun Kelly.

Hoover realized that his job was then on the line, and he pulled out all stops to capture the culprits. In late July 1934, Special Agent Melvin Purvis, the Director of Operations in the Chicago office, received a tip on Dillinger's whereabouts that paid off when Dillinger was located, ambushed, and killed by Bureau agents outside the Biograph Theater.[38]

Hoover was credited for overseeing several highly publicized captures or shootings of outlaws and bank robbers. These included those of Machine Gun Kelly in 1933, of Dillinger in 1934, and of Alvin Karpis in 1936, which led to the Bureau's powers being broadened.

In 1935, the Bureau of Investigation was renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). It was not simply a name change. A great deal of restructuring was done. In fact, Hoover visited the lab of Canadian forensic scientist Wilfrid Derome twice – in 1929 and 1932 – to plan the foundation of his own FBI laboratory in the USA.[39] It was the insight gained from these visits which helped him transform the BI into FBI in 1935.

In 1939, the FBI became pre-eminent in domestic intelligence, thanks in large part to changes made by Hoover, such as expanding and combining fingerprint files in the Identification Division, to compiling the largest collection of fingerprints to date,[40][41] and Hoover's help to expand the FBI's recruitment and create the FBI Laboratory, a division established in 1932 to examine and analyze evidence found by the FBI.

American Mafia

During the 1930s, Hoover persistently denied the existence of organized crime, despite numerous gangland shootings as Mafia groups struggled for control of the lucrative profits deriving from illegal alcohol sales during Prohibition, and later for control of prostitution, illegal drugs and other criminal enterprises.[42] Many writers believe Hoover's denial of the Mafia's existence and his failure to use the full force of the FBI to investigate it were due to Mafia gangsters Meyer Lansky and Frank Costello's possession of embarrassing photographs of Hoover in the company of his protégé, FBI Deputy Director Clyde Tolson.[43][صفحة مطلوبة] Other writers believe Costello corrupted Hoover by providing him with horseracing tips, passed through a mutual friend, gossip columnist Walter Winchell. [44] Hoover had a reputation as "an inveterate horseplayer", and was known to send Special Agents to place $100 bets for him.[45] Hoover once said the Bureau had "much more important functions" than arresting bookmakers and gamblers.[45]

Although Hoover built the reputation of the FBI arresting bank robbers in the 1930s, his main interest had always been Communist subversion, and during the Cold War he was able to focus the FBI's attention on these investigations. From the mid-1940s through the mid-50s, he paid little attention to criminal vice rackets such as illegal drugs, prostitution, extortion, and flatly denied the existence of the Mafia in the United States. In the 1950s, evidence of the FBI's unwillingness to investigate the Mafia became a topic of public criticism. After the Apalachin meeting of crime bosses in 1957, Hoover could no longer deny the existence of a nationwide crime syndicate. In fact, Cosa Nostra's control of the Syndicate's many branches operating criminal activities throughout North America prevailed and was heavily reported in popular newspapers and magazines. [46] Hoover created the "Top Hoodlum Program" and went after the syndicate's top bosses throughout the country.[47][48]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

التحقيق في التخريب والراديكاليين

Document with some text blacked out.
Hoover investigated ex-Beatle John Lennon by putting the singer under surveillance, and Hoover wrote this letter to Richard Kleindienst, the US Attorney General in 1972. A 25-year battle by historian Jon Wiener under the Freedom of Information Act eventually resulted in the release of documents related to John Lennon, such as this one.

Hoover was concerned about what he claimed was subversion, and under his leadership, the FBI investigated tens of thousands of suspected subversives and radicals. According to critics, Hoover tended to exaggerate the dangers of these alleged subversives and many times overstepped his bounds in his pursuit of eliminating that perceived threat.[4] William G. Hundley, a Justice Department prosecutor, joked that Hoover's investigations had actually helped the American communist movement survive, as Hoover's "informants were nearly the only ones that paid the party dues."[49] Due to the FBI's aggressive targeting, by 1957 CPUSA membership had dwindled to less than 10,000, of whom some 1,500 were informants for the FBI.[50]

Florida and Long Island U-boat landings

المقالة الرئيسية: Operation Pastorius

The FBI investigated rings of German saboteurs and spies starting in the late 1930s, and had primary responsibility for counter-espionage. The first arrests of German agents were made in 1938 and continued throughout World War II.[51] In the Quirin affair, during World War II, German U-boats set two small groups of Nazi agents ashore in Florida and on Long Island to cause acts of sabotage within the country. The two teams were apprehended after one of the agents contacted the FBI and told them everything – he was also charged, and convicted.[52]

Illegal wire-tapping

During this time period President Franklin D. Roosevelt, out of concern over Nazi agents in the United States, gave "qualified permission" to wiretap persons "suspected ... [of] subversive activities". He went on to add, in 1941, that the United States Attorney General had to be informed of its use in each case.[53]

The Attorney General Robert H. Jackson left it to Hoover to decide how and when to use wiretaps, as he found the "whole business" distasteful. Jackson's successor at the post of Attorney General, Francis Biddle, did turn down Hoover's requests on occasion.[54]

Concealed espionage discoveries

In the late 1930s, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave Hoover the task to investigate both foreign espionage in the United States and the activities of domestic communists and fascists. When the Cold War began in the late 1940s, the FBI under Hoover undertook the intensive surveillance of communists and other left-wing activists in the United States.[6]

The FBI also participated in the Venona project, a pre-World War II joint project with the British to eavesdrop on Soviet spies in the UK and the United States. They did not initially realize that espionage was being committed, but the Soviets' multiple use of one-time pad ciphers (which with single use are unbreakable) created redundancies that allowed some intercepts to be decoded. These established that espionage was being carried out.

Hoover kept the intercepts – America's greatest counterintelligence secret – in a locked safe in his office. He chose not to inform President Truman, Attorney General J. Howard McGrath, or Secretaries of State Dean Acheson and General George Marshall while they held office. He informed the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the Venona Project in 1952.[55][56]

Plans for expanding the FBI to do global intelligence

After World War II, Hoover advanced plans to create a "World-Wide Intelligence Service". These plans were shot down by the Truman administration. Truman objected to the plan, emerging bureaucratic competitors opposed the centralization of power inherent in the plans, and there was a considerable aversion to creating an American version of the "Gestapo".[57]

Plans for suspending habeas corpus

In 1946, Attorney General Tom C. Clark authorized Hoover to compile a list of potentially disloyal Americans who might be detained during a wartime national emergency. In 1950, at the outbreak of the Korean War, Hoover submitted a plan to President Truman to suspend the writ of habeas corpus and detain 12,000 Americans suspected of disloyalty. Truman did not act on the plan.[58]

COINTELPRO and the 1950s

Hoover photographed in 1959
المقالة الرئيسية: COINTELPRO

In 1956, Hoover was becoming increasingly frustrated by U.S. Supreme Court decisions that limited the Justice Department's ability to prosecute people for their political opinions, most notably communists. Some of his aides reported that he purposely exaggerated the threat of communism to "ensure financial and public support for the FBI."[59] At this time he formalized a covert "dirty tricks" program under the name COINTELPRO.[60] COINTELPRO was first used to disrupt the Communist Party USA, where Hoover ordered observation and pursuit of targets that ranged from suspected citizen spies to larger celebrity figures, such as Charlie Chaplin, whom he saw as spreading Communist Party propaganda.[61]

Reaction to civil rights groups

July 24, 1967. President Lyndon B. Johnson (seated, foreground) confers with (background L-R): Marvin Watson, J. Edgar Hoover, Sec. Robert McNamara, Gen. Harold Keith Johnson, Joe Califano, Sec. of the Army Stanley Rogers Resor, on responding to the Detroit riots

In 1956, several years before he targeted Martin Luther King Jr., Hoover had a public showdown with T. R. M. Howard, a civil rights leader from Mound Bayou, Mississippi. During a national speaking tour, Howard had criticized the FBI's failure to investigate thoroughly the racially motivated murders of George W. Lee, Lamar Smith, and Emmett Till. Hoover wrote an open letter to the press singling out these statements as "irresponsible."[62]

In the 1960s, Hoover's FBI monitored John Lennon, Malcolm X, and Muhammad Ali.[63] The COINTELPRO tactics were later extended to organizations such as the Nation of Islam, the Black Panther Party, King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference and others. Hoover's moves against people who maintained contacts with subversive elements, some of whom were members of the civil rights movement, also led to accusations of trying to undermine their reputations.[64]

The treatment of Martin Luther King Jr. and actress Jean Seberg are two examples: Jacqueline Kennedy recalled that Hoover told President John F. Kennedy that King had tried to arrange a sex party while in the capital for the March on Washington and that Hoover told Robert F. Kennedy that King had made derogatory comments during the President's funeral.[65] Under Hoover's leadership, the FBI sent an anonymous blackmail letter to King in 1964, indicating that "There is only one thing left for you to do," which King interpreted as an exhortation for him to commit suicide.[66]

President Lyndon B. Johnson at the signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. White House East Room. People watching include Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, Senate Minority Leader Everett M. Dirksen, Senator Hubert Humphrey, First Lady "Lady Bird" Johnson, Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., F.B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover, Speaker of the House John McCormack. Television cameras are broadcasting the ceremony.

King's aide Andrew Young claimed in a 2013 interview with the Academy of Achievement that the main source of tension between the SCLC and FBI was the government agency's lack of black agents, and that both parties were willing to co-operate with each other by the time the Selma to Montgomery marches had taken place.[67]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الحياة الخاصة

Hoover with Bebe Rebozo (left) and Richard Nixon. The three men relax before dinner, Key Biscayne, Florida, December 1971.

Pets

Hoover received his first dog from his parents when he was a child, after which he was never without one. He owned many throughout his lifetime and became an aficionado especially knowledgeable in breeding of pedigrees, particularly Cairn Terriers and Beagles. He gave many dogs to notable people, such as Presidents Herbert Hoover (no relation) and Lyndon B. Johnson, and buried seven canine pets, including a Cairn Terrier named Spee De Bozo, at Aspen Hill Memorial Park, in Silver Spring, Maryland.[68]

Sexuality

From the 1940s, rumors circulated that Hoover, who was still living with his mother in his early 40s, was homosexual.[69] The historians John Stuart Cox and Athan G. Theoharis speculated that Clyde Tolson, who became an assistant director to Hoover in his mid 40s and became his primary heir, had a sexual relationship with Hoover until the latter's death.[70] Hoover reportedly hunted down and threatened anyone who made insinuations about his sexuality.[71] Truman Capote, who enjoyed repeating salacious rumors about Hoover, once remarked that he was more interested in making Hoover angry than determining whether the rumors were true.[72] On May 2, 1969, Screw published the first reference in print to Hoover's sexuality, titled "Is J. Edgar Hoover a Fag?"[73][74]

Some associates and scholars dismiss rumors about Hoover's sexuality, and rumors about his relationship with Tolson in particular, as unlikely,[75][76][77] while others have described them as probable or even "confirmed".[78][43] Still other scholars have reported the rumors without expressing an opinion.[79][80]

Cox and Theoharis concluded that "the strange likelihood is that Hoover never knew sexual desire at all."[77] Anthony Summers, who wrote Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover (1993), stated that there was no ambiguity about the FBI director's sexual proclivities and described him as "bisexual with failed heterosexuality."[81]

Hoover and Tolson

Hoover and his assistant Clyde Tolson sitting in beach lounge chairs, c. 1939

Hoover described Tolson as his alter ego: the men worked closely together during the day and, both single, frequently took meals, went to night clubs, and vacationed together.[70] This closeness between the two men is often cited as evidence that they were lovers. Some FBI employees who knew them, such as Mark Felt, say the relationship was "brotherly"; however, former FBI executive assistant director Mike Mason suggested that some of Hoover's colleagues denied that he had a sexual relationship with Tolson in an effort to protect Hoover's image.[82]

The novelist William Styron told Summers that he once saw Hoover and Tolson in a California beach house, where the director was painting his friend's toenails. Harry Hay, founder of the Mattachine Society, one of the first gay rights organizations, said Hoover and Tolson sat in boxes owned by and used exclusively by gay men at the Del Mar racetrack in California.[81]

Hoover bequeathed his estate to Tolson, who moved into Hoover's house after Hoover died. Tolson accepted the American flag that draped Hoover's casket. Tolson is buried a few yards away from Hoover in the Congressional Cemetery.[83]

Other romantic allegations

One of Hoover's biographers, Richard Hack, does not believe the director was gay. Hack notes that Hoover was romantically linked to actress Dorothy Lamour in the late 1930s and early 1940s and that after Hoover's death, Lamour did not deny rumors that she had had an affair with him.[72]

Hack further reported that, during the 1940s and 1950s, Hoover attended social events with Lela Rogers, the divorced mother of dancer and actress Ginger Rogers, so often that many of their mutual friends assumed the pair would eventually marry.[72]

Pornography for blackmail

Hoover kept a large collection of pornographic material, possibly the world's largest,[84] of films, photographs, and written materials, with particular emphasis on nude photos of celebrities. He reportedly used these for his own titillation and held them for blackmail purposes.[85]

Cross-dressing story

Lewis Rosenstiel, founder of Schenley Industries, was a close friend of Hoover's and the primary contributor to the J. Edgar Hoover Foundation. In his biography Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover (1993), journalist Anthony Summers quoted Rosenstiel's fourth wife, Susan, as claiming to have seen Hoover engaging in cross-dressing in the 1950s at all-male parties at the Plaza Hotel with Rosenstiel, attorney Roy Cohn, and young male prostitutes.[86][87] Another Hoover biographer, Burton Hersh, later corroborated this story.[88]

Summers alleged the Mafia had blackmail material on Hoover, which made Hoover reluctant to pursue organized crime aggressively. According to Summers, organized crime figures Meyer Lansky and Frank Costello obtained photos of Hoover having sex with Tolson and used them to ensure that the FBI did not target their illegal activities.[89] Additionally, Summers claimed that Hoover was friends with Billy Byars Jr., an alleged child pornographer and producer of the film The Genesis Children.[90]

Another Hoover biographer who heard the rumors of homosexuality and blackmail, however, said he was unable to corroborate them,[89] though it has been acknowledged that Lansky and other organized crime figures had frequently been allowed to visit the Del Charro Hotel in La Jolla, California, which was owned by Hoover's friend, and staunch Lyndon Johnson supporter, Clint Murchison Sr.[91] Hoover and Tolson also frequently visited the Del Charro Hotel.[92] Summers quoted a source named Charles Krebs as saying, "on three occasions that I knew about, maybe four, boys were driven down to La Jolla at Hoover's request."[90]

Skeptics of the cross-dressing story point to Susan Rosenstiel's lack of credibility (she pleaded guilty to attempted perjury in a 1971 case and later served time in a New York City jail).[93][94] Recklessly indiscreet behavior by Hoover would have been totally out of character, whatever his sexuality. Most biographers consider the story of Mafia blackmail unlikely in light of the FBI's continuing investigations of the Mafia.[95][96] Although never corroborated, the allegation of cross-dressing has been widely repeated. In the words of author Thomas Doherty, "For American popular culture, the image of the zaftig FBI director as a Christine Jorgensen wanna-be was too delicious not to savor."[97] Biographer Kenneth Ackerman says that Summers' accusations have been "widely debunked by historians".[98]

The journalist Liz Smith wrote that Cohn told her about Hoover's rumored transvestism "long before it became common gossip."[99]

Lavender Scare

المقالة الرئيسية: Lavender scare

The attorney Roy Cohn served as general counsel on the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations during Senator Joseph McCarthy's tenure as chairman and assisted Hoover during the 1950s investigations of Communists[100] and was generally known to be a closeted homosexual.[101][100] According to Richard Hack, Cohn's opinion was that Hoover was too frightened of his own sexuality to have anything approaching a normal sexual or romantic relationship.[72] Gossip columnist Liz Smith claimed that Roy Cohn "was the source of all those delicious tales about Hoover in smart frocks. He told these tales while Hoover was alive and after he died in 1972, during the fall of Richard Nixon."[102] Some of Cohn's former clients, including Bill Bonanno, son of crime boss Joseph Bonanno, also cite photographs of Hoover in drag allegedly possessed by Cohn.[103][88][104]

During the Lavender scare, Cohn and McCarthy further enhanced anti-Communist fervor by suggesting that Communists overseas had convinced several closeted homosexuals within the U.S. government to leak important government information in exchange for the assurance that their sexual identity would remain a secret.[100][105] A federal investigation that followed convinced President Dwight D. Eisenhower to sign Executive Order 10450 on April 29, 1953, that barred homosexuals from obtaining jobs at the federal level.[106]

In his 2004 study of the event, historian David K. Johnson attacked the speculations about Hoover's homosexuality as relying on "the kind of tactics Hoover and the security program he oversaw perfected: guilt by association, rumor, and unverified gossip." He views Rosenstiel as a liar who was paid for her story, whose "description of Hoover in drag engaging in sex with young blond boys in leather while desecrating the Bible is clearly a homophobic fantasy." He believes only those who have forgotten the virulence of the decades-long campaign against homosexuals in government can believe reports that Hoover appeared in compromising situations.[107]

Supportive friends

Some people associated with Hoover have supported the rumors about his homosexuality.[108] According to Anthony Summers, Hoover often frequented New York City's Stork Club. Luisa Stuart, a model who was 18 or 19 at the time, told Summers that she had seen Hoover holding hands with Tolson as they all rode in a limo uptown to the Cotton Club in 1936.[81]

Actress and singer Ethel Merman was a friend of Hoover's since 1938, and familiar with all parties during his alleged romance of Lela Rogers. In a 1978 interview and in response to Anita Bryant's anti-gay campaign, she said: "Some of my best friends are homosexual: Everybody knew about J. Edgar Hoover, but he was the best chief the FBI ever had."[81]

الماسونية

Hoover was a devoted Freemason, being raised a Master Mason on November 9, 1920, in Federal Lodge No. 1, Washington, DC, just two months before his 26th birthday. During his 52 years with the Masons, he received many medals, awards and decorations. Eventually in 1955, he was coroneted a Thirty-Third Degree Inspector General Honorary in the Southern Scottish Rite Jurisdiction. He was also awarded the Scottish Rite's highest recognition, the Grand Cross of Honour, in 1965.[109] Today a J. Edgar Hoover room exists within the House of the Temple. The room contains many of Hoover's personal papers and records.

الهامش

  1. ^ Summers, Anthony (January 1, 2012). "The Secret Life of J Edgar Hoover". The Guardian. Retrieved April 21, 2018. Hoover never joined a political party and claimed he was 'not political'. In fact, he admitted privately, he was a staunch, lifelong supporter of the Republican Party.
  2. ^ ""J. Edgar Hoover", Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia". Microsoft Corporation. 2008. Archived from the original on November 1, 2009.
  3. ^ "Hoover, J. Edgar", The Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth ed.). Columbia University Press. 2007.
  4. ^ أ ب ت Cox, John Stuart; Theoharis, Athan G. (1988). The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-0-87722-532-4.
  5. ^ Gruberg, Martin. "J. Edgar Hoover". www.mtsu.edu (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  6. ^ أ ب "J. Edgar Hoover". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. April 28, 2023.
  7. ^ "HOOVER'S ABUSE OF POWER". Chicago Tribune. September 8, 1991. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  8. ^ Modern American Lives: Individuals and Issues in American History since 1945, Blaine T. Browne and Robert C. Cottrell, M. E. Sharpe (New York and London), 2008, p. 44
  9. ^ أ ب Hoover had 7 Children Spannaus, Edward (August 2000). "The Mysterious Origins of J. Edgar Hoover". American Almanac.
  10. ^ "J. Edgar Hoover". Biography.com. April 22, 2021.
  11. ^ D'au Vin, Constance (December 9, 1977). "Church Celebrates Anniversary". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  12. ^ "The secret life of J. Edgar Hoover". The Guardian. London, UK. January 1, 2012.
  13. ^ أ ب ت Weiner, Tim (2012). "Anarchy". Enemies – A history of the FBI (1 ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-64389-0.
  14. ^ Burrough, Bryan (2009). Public Enemies: America's Greatest Crime Wave and the Birth of the FBI, 1933–34. Penguin Books.
  15. ^ J. Edgar Hoover (28 يونيو 2012). "The Hoover Legacy, 40 Years After". FBI. Archived from the original on 14 مارس 2016.
  16. ^ "FBI — John Edgar Hoover". Fbi.gov. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
  17. ^ "J. Edgar Hoover's GW Years". GW Today.
  18. ^ "Prominent Alumni". George Washington University. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010.
  19. ^ أ ب Gentry 2001, p. 68
  20. ^ أ ب Weiner, Tim (2012). "Traitors". Enemies – A history of the FBI (1 ed.). New York, NY: Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-64389-0.
  21. ^ Murray, Robert K. (1955). Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-8166-5833-6.
  22. ^ Ruch was one of two people to name their own sons J. Edgar, and complained of the idea that radicals should "be allowed to speak and write as they like." (Summers, 2011)
  23. ^ Ellis, Mark (April 1994). "J. Edgar Hoover and the 'Red Summer' of 1919". Journal of American Studies. 28 (1): 39–59. doi:10.1017/S0021875800026554. JSTOR 27555783. S2CID 145343194. Hoover asked Anthony Caminetti, the Commissioner of the Bureau of Immigration, to consider deporting Garvey, forwarding an anonymous letter from New York about Garvey's alleged crookedness. Meanwhile, George Ruch placed Garvey at the top of a new central list of deportable radicals. ... Hoover ordered a new investigation of Garvey's "aggressive activities" and the preparation of a deportation case. ... eventually, in 1923, when Hoover was Assistant Director and Chief of the BI, he nailed Garvey for mail fraud. Garvey was imprisoned in February 1925 and deported to Jamaica in November 1927.
  24. ^ Kornweibel Jr., Theodore (1998). "The Most Colossal Conspiracy against the United States". Seeing Red: Federal Campaigns Against Black Militancy, 1919–1925. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 145. ISBN 9780253333377. Convinced that the crusader was "financed by the Communist Party," agents described Briggs as one of Rose Pastor Stokes' "able assistants in this work."
  25. ^ Hoover, J. Edgar (August 23, 1919). "Memorandum for Mr. Creighton". Berkeley Digital Library: War Resistance, Anti-Militarism, and Deportation, 1917–1919. Washington, D.C.: Department of Justice. Retrieved August 15, 2012. Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman are, beyond doubt, two of the most dangerous anarchists in this country and if permitted to return to the community will result in undue harm.
  26. ^ Summers, Anthony (December 31, 2011). "The secret life of J Edgar Hoover". The Observer. London, UK. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  27. ^ "List of notable freemasons". Archived from the original on September 26, 2018.
  28. ^ "U.S. Famous Freemasons". Archived from the original on May 10, 2008.
  29. ^ "U.S. Famous Master Mason". Archived from the original on January 4, 2016.
  30. ^ "17 Of The Most Influential Freemasons Ever". Business Insider. March 20, 2014. Archived from the original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2018.
  31. ^ Lewis, Anthony (May 4, 1964). "President Seeks to Retain Hoover". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  32. ^ "William J. Burns, August 22, 1921 – June 14, 1924 [obituary]". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
  33. ^ Samuels, Richard J. (December 21, 2005). Encyclopedia of United States National Security (in الإنجليزية). SAGE. ISBN 9780761929277.
  34. ^ Poster, Winifred R. (March 26, 2018). "Cybersecurity needs women". Nature. 555 (7698): 577–580. Bibcode:2018Natur.555..577P. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-03327-w. PMID 29595805.
  35. ^ Schott, Joseph L. (1975). No Left Turns: The FBI in Peace & War. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-33630-1.
  36. ^ Purvis, Alston; Tresinowski, Alex (2005). The Vendetta: FBI Hero Melvin Purvis's War against Crime and J. Edgar Hoover's War Against Him. Public Affairs. pp. 183+. ISBN 978-1-58648-301-2.
  37. ^ "Dec. 23, 1929 – J. Edgar Hoover oversees the protection detail for the visiting Japanese Naval Delegation in Washington, D.C. – U.S. Secretary of State Stimson and the Japanese Ambassador Debuchi greet the visitors and escort them to the White House to meet with President Hoover". TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com. July 8, 2019.
  38. ^ Leroux, Charles (July 22, 1934). "John Dillinger's death". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
  39. ^ Beaudoin F (2011). "Wilfrid Derome, terreur de la classe criminelle [Wilfrid Derome, terror of the criminal class]". Journal de la Criminalistique. 1 (3): 98–100.
  40. ^ "More Fingerprints Called Necessary ... Hoover Urges Criminologists at Rochester to File Records in the Capital Bureau". The New York Times. July 23, 1931. Retrieved April 17, 2008.
  41. ^ "Washington Develops a World Clearing House For Identifying Criminals by Fingerprints". The New York Times. August 10, 1932. Retrieved April 17, 2008. Through the medium of the fingerprint, the Department of Justice is developing an international clearinghouse for the identification of criminals.
  42. ^ Sifakis, Carl (1999). "The Mafia Encyclopedia". New York: Facts on File. p. 127.
  43. ^ أ ب Summers, Anthony (1993). Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J Edgar Hoover. New York City: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-671-88087-3.:{{{1}}}
  44. ^ Giancana, Charles (1992). "Double Cross". New York: Time Warner Books. p. 280 approximate.
  45. ^ أ ب Sifakis, p.127.
  46. ^ "New Anti-Mobster Weapons Sought". St. Petersburg Times. January 28, 1961. Retrieved May 28, 2012.
  47. ^ Adams, Jack (March 8, 1959). "Hoodlums Run Into Black Days Since Federal Drive Started". The Tuscaloosa News. Associated Press. p. 11. Retrieved May 27, 2012.
  48. ^ "Busted Hoodlum Conclave Made N.Y. Hamlet a 'Crime Shrine". Los Angeles Times. November 19, 2000.
  49. ^ Adam Bernstein (June 14, 2006). "Lawyer William G. Hundley, 80 [obituary]". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
  50. ^ Gentry, Kurt, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets. W. W. Norton & Company 1991. P. 442. ISBN 0-393-02404-0.
  51. ^ Breuer, William (1989). Hitler's Undercover War. Florida & New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-02620-2.
  52. ^ Ardman, Harvey (February 1997). "German Saboteurs Invade America in 1942". World War II Magazine.
  53. ^ Schlesinger, Arthur M. (2002). Robert Kennedy and His Times. p. 252.
  54. ^ Schlesinger, Arthur M. (2002). Robert Kennedy and His Times. p. 253.
  55. ^ Secrecy, United States Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government (1997). Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. Government Printing Office: Government Printing Office. pp. XL. ISBN 9780160541193.
  56. ^ King, Laurel (November 6, 2013). "J Edgar Files – Private Files Of J Edgar Hoover | J Edgar Hoover". johnedgarhoover.com. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
  57. ^ Blain, Harry (2021). "No Gestapo: J. Edgar Hoover's world-wide intelligence service and the limits of bureaucratic autonomy in the national security state". Studies in American Political Development (in الإنجليزية). 35 (2): 214–222. doi:10.1017/S0898588X21000031. ISSN 0898-588X. S2CID 235522738.
  58. ^ Weiner, Tim (December 23, 2007). "Hoover Planned Mass Jailing in 1950". The New York Times. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
  59. ^ "From Time's Archives: The Truth About J. Edgar Hoover". Time. December 22, 1975. Archived from the original on June 3, 2007.
  60. ^ Cox, John Stuart; Theoharis, Athan G. (1988). The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Temple University Press. p. 312. ISBN 978-0-87722-532-4.
  61. ^ John Sbardellati; Tony Shaw. Booting a Tramp: Charlie Chaplin, the FBI, and the Construction of the Subversive Image in Red Scare America.
  62. ^ Beito, David T.; Beito, Linda Royster (August 28, 2009). "T.R.M. Howard, an unlikely civil rights hero". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
  63. ^ "Details of FBI monitoring of Muhammad Ali become public". Thomson Reuters. December 16, 2016.
  64. ^ Churchill, Ward; Wall, Jim Vander (2001). Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement. South End Press. pp. 53+. ISBN 978-0-89608-646-3.
  65. ^ Klein, Rick (2011). "Jacqueline Kennedy on Rev. Martin Luther King Jr". ABC News. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
  66. ^ Gage, Beverly (November 11, 2014). "What an Uncensored Letter to M.L.K. Reveals". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on 2022-01-03. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
  67. ^ "Andrew Young Interview – Academy of Achievement: Print Preview". Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
  68. ^ "Grave of a Petey, Little Rascals Dog". Roadside America. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  69. ^ Terry, Jennifer (1999). An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-226-79366-5.
  70. ^ أ ب Cox, John Stuart; Theoharis, Athan G. (1988). The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-87722-532-4.
  71. ^ Hyena, Hank (5 يناير 2000). "J. Edgar Hoover: Gay marriage role model?". Salon. Archived from the original on 2 ديسمبر 2008. Retrieved 14 نوفمبر 2008.
  72. ^ أ ب ت ث خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Hack2007
  73. ^ Davis, Marc (November 18, 2013). "The Screw-y, Filthy World of Al Goldstein". thejewniverse.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
  74. ^ Edison, Mike (2011). Dirty! Dirty! Dirty!: Of —Playboys, Pigs, and Penthouse Paupers—An American Tale of Sex and Wonder. New York City: Soft Skull Press. ISBN 9781593764678. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
  75. ^ Felt, Mark W.; O'Connor, John D. (2006). A G-man's Life: The FBI, Being 'Deep Throat,' and the Struggle for Honor in Washington. New York City: Public Affairs. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-58648-377-7.
  76. ^ Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri (2003). Cloak and Dollar: A History of American Secret Intelligence. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-300-10159-1.
  77. ^ أ ب Cox, John Stuart; Theoharis, Athan G. (1988). The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. New Haven, Connecticut: Temple University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-87722-532-4. The strange likelihood is that Hoover never knew sexual desire at all.
  78. ^ Percy, William A.; Johansson, Warren (1994). Outing: Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Haworth Press. pp. 85+. ISBN 978-1-56024-419-6.
  79. ^ Theoharis, Athan G., ed. (1998). The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Oryx Press. pp. 291, 301, 397. ISBN 978-0-89774-991-6.
  80. ^ Doherty, Thomas (2003). Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture. New York City: Columbia University Press. pp. 254, 255. ISBN 978-0-231-12952-7.
  81. ^ أ ب ت ث خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة iuobq
  82. ^ Lengel, Allan (January 9, 2011). "Movie depicting J Edgar Hoover gay affair rankles some in FBI". AOL News. Archived from the original on May 16, 2013.
  83. ^ Boggs-Roberts, Rebecca; Schmidt, Sandra K. (2012). Historic Congressional Cemetery. Mount Pleasant, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-738-59224-4.
  84. ^ "The secrets of J. Edgar Hoover". MSNBC. April 12, 2004. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  85. ^ "The FBI's Obscene File". kansaspress.ku.edu. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  86. ^ Summers, Anthony (1993). Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J Edgar Hoover. New York City: Pocket Books. pp. 254–255. ISBN 978-0-671-88087-3.
  87. ^ Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (February 15, 1993). "Books of The Times; Catalogue of Accusations Against J. Edgar Hoover". The New York Times. Retrieved April 16, 2008.
  88. ^ أ ب Hersh, Burton (2007). Bobby and J. Edgar: The Historic Face-Off Between the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover that Transformed America. New York City: Carroll & Graf. p. 88. ISBN 9780786731855.
  89. ^ أ ب "J. Edgar Hoover Was Homosexual, Blackmailed by Mob, Book Says". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. February 6, 1993. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  90. ^ أ ب Summers, Anthony (2012). Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover. Open Road Media. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-4532-4118-9.
  91. ^ Scott, Peter Dale (1996). Deep Politics and the Death of JFK. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-0520205192.
  92. ^ "John Edgar Hoover". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  93. ^ Summers, Anthony (2012). Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover. Open Road Media. p. 295. ISBN 978-1-4532-4118-9.
  94. ^ Holden, Henry M. (April 15, 2008). FBI 100 Years: An Unofficial History. Zenith Imprint. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-7603-3244-3.
  95. ^ Kessler, Ronald (2002). The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI. St. Martin's Paperbacks. pp. 120+. ISBN 978-0-312-98977-4.
  96. ^ Ronald Kessler. "Did J. Edgar Hoover Really Wear Dresses?". History News Network.
  97. ^ Doherty, Thomas (2003). Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-231-12952-7.
  98. ^ Ackerman, Kenneth D. (November 14, 2011). "Five myths about J. Edgar Hoover". The Washington Post.
  99. ^ Smith, Liz (2000). Natural Blonde. Hachette Books. p. 355. ISBN 978-0786863259.
  100. ^ أ ب ت "9 Things to Know about 'The Lavender Scare'". Out Magazine / Out.com. April 26, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
  101. ^ Cohn, R.; Zion, S. (1988). The Autobiography of Roy Cohn. Lyle Stuart. pp. viii, 67, 142. ISBN 978-0818404719.
  102. ^ Smith, Liz (September 16, 2013). "Brokeback Mountain- If You Thought The Movie Was Depressing, Just Wait For the Opera!". The Huffington Post.
  103. ^ Bonanno, Bill (1999). Bound by Honor: A Mafioso's Story. St. Martin's Press. pp. 166–167. They were all pictures of Hoover in women's clothing. His face was daubed with lipstick and makeup and he wore a wig of ringlets. In several of the photos, he posed alone, smiling, even mugging for the camera. In a few other photos, he was sitting on the lap of an unidentified male, stroking his cheek in one, hugging him in another, holding a morsel of food before his mouth in yet another. 'Louie [meaning Lewis Rosentiel] took most of these,' Cohn said, 'at a party on a houseboat in the Keys, 1948–1949... Hoover knows about these, believe me; he's always been aware of what would happen if they ever got out.'
  104. ^ Carlo, Philip (2009). Gaspipe: Confessions of a Mafia Boss. William Morrow Paperbacks. p. 336.
  105. ^ Von Hoffman, N. (1988). Citizen Cohn. Doubleday. pp. 142–151. ISBN 978-0385236904.
  106. ^ Eisenhower, Dwight D. "Security requirements for Government employment". Executive Order 10450. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  107. ^ Johnson, David K. (2004). The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government. University of Chicago Press. pp. 11–13.
  108. ^ "J. Edgar Hoover: Gay or Just a Man who has Sex with Men?". ABC News.
  109. ^ J. Edgar Hoover, 33, Grand Cross-Fidelity, Bravery, Integrity Cartha DeLoach, Chairman, Hoover Foundation at Scottish Rite Journal of Freemasonry Magazine
مناصب حكومية
سبقه
William J. Burns
بصفته Director of the Bureau of Investigation 		Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
1924–1972 		تبعه
L. Patrick Gray
ألقاب فخرية.
سبقه
Everett Dirksen 		Persons who have lain in state or honor
in the United States Capitol rotunda
May 3–4, 1972 		تبعه
Lyndon B. Johnson

قالب:DFBI

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=ج._إدغار_هوڤر&oldid=2956768"