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شيست

الشيست إنگليزية: Schist صخر متحول عن صخور نارية أو رسوبية بفعل الضغط والحرارة. [1]

يتميز بحجم متوسط الحبيبات ويتكون من صفائح رقيقة متشابهة في تركيبها المعدني، وهي متصلة وغير متقطعة. تتكون هذه الصفائح من معادن قشرية مثل الميكا والتالك أو منشورية مثل الهورنبلند وتحصر هذه الصفائح فيما بينها حبيبات دقيقة متبلورة منمعادن أخرى مثل الكوارتز ويعرف التورق في هذه الصخور باسم النسيج الشيستي. This texture reflects a high content of platy minerals, such as micas, talc, chlorite, or graphite. These are often interleaved with more granular minerals, such as feldspar or quartz.

Schist typically forms during regional metamorphism accompanying the process of mountain building (orogeny) and usually reflects a medium grade of metamorphism. Schist can form from many different kinds of rocks, including sedimentary rocks such as mudstones and igneous rocks such as tuffs. Schist metamorphosed from mudstone is particularly common and is often very rich in mica (a mica schist). Where the type of the original rock (the protolith) is discernible, the schist is usually given a name reflecting its protolith, such as schistose metasandstone. Otherwise, the names of the constituent minerals will be included in the rock name, such as quartz-felspar-biotite schist.

Schist bedrock can pose a challenge for civil engineering because of its pronounced planes of weakness.

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Etymology

The word schist is derived ultimately from the Greek word σχίζειν (schízein), meaning "to split",[2] which refers to the ease with which schists can be split along the plane in which the platy minerals lie.


Definition

Geologists define schist as medium-grained metamorphic rock that shows well-developed schistosity.[3] Schistosity is a thin layering of the rock produced by metamorphism (a foliation) that permits the rock to easily be split into flakes or slabs less than 5 to 10 millimeters (0.2 to 0.4 in) thick.[4][5] The mineral grains in a schist are typically from 0.25 to 2 millimeters (0.01 to 0.08 in) in size[6] and so are easily seen with a 10× hand lens.[7] Typically, over half the mineral grains in a schist show a preferred orientation. Schists make up one of the three divisions of metamorphic rock by texture, with the other two divisions being gneiss, which has poorly developed schistosity and thicker layering, and granofels, which has no discernible schistosity.[4][8]

Schists are defined by their texture, without reference to their composition,[9][4] and while most are a result of medium-grade metamorphism, they can vary greatly in mineral makeup.[10] However, schistosity normally develops only when the rock contains abundant platy minerals, such as micas or chlorite. Grains of these minerals are strongly oriented in a preferred direction in schist, often also forming very thin parallel layers. The ease with which the rock splits along the aligned grains accounts for the schistosity.[4] Though not a defining characteristic, schists very often contain porphyroblasts (individual crystals of unusual size) of distinctive minerals, such as garnet, staurolite, kyanite, sillimanite, or cordierite.[11]

Because schists are a very large class of metamorphic rock, geologists will formally describe a rock as a schist only when the original type of the rock prior to metamorphism (the protolith) is unknown and its mineral content is not yet determined. Otherwise, the modifier schistose will be applied to a more precise type name, such as schistose semipelite (when the rock is known to contain moderate amounts of mica) or a schistose metasandstone (if the protolith is known to have been a sandstone).[12] If all that is known is that the protolith was a sedimentary rock, the schist will be described as a paraschist, while if the protolith was an igneous rock, the schist will be described as an orthoschist.[13] Mineral qualifiers are important when naming a schist. For example, a quartz-feldspar-biotite schist is a schist of uncertain protolith that contains biotite mica, feldspar, and quartz in order of apparent decreasing abundance.[14]

Lineated schist has a strong linear fabric in a rock which otherwise has well-developed schistosity.[10]

Historical mining terminology

Before the mid-19th century, the terms slate, shale and schist were not sharply differentiated by those involved with mining.[15]

التشكل

Chlorite schist forms from shale or mudstone.

الشست صخر متحول بالضغط والحرارة له نسيج مميز يعرف باسم النسيج الشستي عبارة عن حبيبات دقيقة أو متوسطة توجد بين صفائح متقاربة ومتوازية تقريبا ، وتتكون الصفائح من معادن الميكا المختلفة، والصخر ينفصل بسهولة عند هذه الصفائح. وهناك أنواع كثيرة من الشست يطلق عليها أسماء مختلفة أهما الشست الميكائي Mica schist الذي يتكون بصفة اساسية من معادن الكوارتز والميكا (عادة المسكوفيت أو البيوتيت). وتظهر الميكا بوضوح في الصخر مكونة صفائح كتلية أو ورقية أو مرتبة بحيث توجد جميع مستويات انفصامها موازية لبعضها مما يجعل الصخر يبدو في هيئة صفائحية مميزة. ويوجد عادة بجانب الميكا والكوارتز معادن أخرى إضافية مثل الجارنت ، ستوروليت ، كيانيت ، سليمنيت ، أندلوسيت ، ابيدوت ، هورنبلند ، تلك ، كلوريت ، الأمر الذي يجعل الصخر يسمى باسم شست جارنيتي ، وشست ستوروليتي ، وشست كيانيتي .. الخ تبعا لنوع المعدن الإضافي المميز ، والشست إما أن يكون متحولا عن صخر ناري أو صخر رسوبي.

الشستوزية

الشستوزية schistosity، هي نوع من التورق foliation حيث يتم ترتيب الحبيبات الخشنة للمعادن الصفائحية مثل الميكا والكلوريت أثناء التحول، موازية لبعضها البعض. ويميز هذا النسيج الصخور المتحولة خشنة التحبب نسبيا.[16]

At the microscopic level, schistosity is divided into internal schistosity, in which inclusions within porphyroblasts take a preferred orientation, and external schistosity, which is the orientation of grains in the surrounding medium-grained rock.[17]

The composition of the rock must permit formation of abundant platy minerals. For example, the clay minerals in mudstone are metamorphosed to mica, producing a mica schist.[18] Early stages of metamorphism convert mudstone to a very fine-grained metamorphic rock called slate, which with further metamorphism becomes fine-grained phyllite. Further recrystallization produces medium-grained mica schist. If the metamorphism proceeds further, the mica schist experiences dehydration reactions that convert platy minerals to granular minerals such as feldspars, decreasing schistosity and turning the rock into a gneiss.[11]

Other platy minerals found in schists include chlorite, talc, and graphite. Chlorite schist is typically formed by metamorphism of ultramafic igneous rocks,[19][20] as is talc schist.[21] Talc schist also forms from metamorphosis of talc-bearing carbonate rocks formed by hydrothermal alteration.[22] Graphite schist is uncommon, but can form from metamorphosis of sedimentary beds containing abundant organic carbon.[23] This may be of algal origin.[24]

Metamorphosis of felsic volcanic rock, such as tuff, can produce quartz-muscovite schist.[25]

  • Microscopic view of garnet-mica-schist in thin section under polarized light with a large garnet crystal (black) in a matrix of quartz and feldspar (white and gray grains) and parallel strands of mica (red, purple and brown).

    Microscopic view of garnet-mica-schist in thin section under polarized light with a large garnet crystal (black) in a matrix of quartz and feldspar (white and gray grains) and parallel strands of mica (red, purple and brown).

  • View of cut garnet-mica-schist

    View of cut garnet-mica-schist

  • Manhattan schist from southeastern New York State

    Manhattan schist from southeastern New York State

  • Manhattan schist outcropping in New York City's Central Park

    Manhattan schist outcropping in New York City's Central Park

  • Talc-scist from Saint-Marcel, Valle d'Aosta, Italy

    Talc-scist from Saint-Marcel, Valle d'Aosta, Italy

  • Amphibole epidote schist with slickensides from Benguet, Philippines, showing epidote lens

    Amphibole epidote schist with slickensides from Benguet, Philippines, showing epidote lens

اعتبارات هندسية

In geotechnical engineering a schistosity plane often forms a discontinuity that may have a large influence on the mechanical behavior (strength, deformation, etc.) of rock masses in, for example, tunnel, foundation, or slope construction.[26] A hazard may exist even in undisturbed terrain. On August 17, 1959, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake destabilized a mountain slope near Hebgen Lake, Montana, composed of schist. This caused a massive landslide that killed 26 people camping in the area.[27]

Road cut in Vadito Group muscovite schist. The cut has been angled to be nearly coincident with the plane of schistosity, reducing rockfall in the road. This also produces the appearance of a shining metal wall due to reflection of sunlight off the muscovite. The road and road cut are nearly straight; the curved appearance is an artifact of the panoramic photography.

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ مقال عن معدن الشيست
  2. ^ "schist". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-01-27.
  3. ^ British Geological Survey 1999, p. 3.
  4. ^ أ ب ت ث Schmid, R.; Fettes, D.; Harte, B.; Davis, E.; Desmons, J. (2007). "How to name a metamorphic rock.". Metamorphic Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms: Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  5. ^ Robertson, S. (1999). "BGS Rock Classification Scheme, Volume 2: Classification of metamorphic rocks" (PDF). British Geological Survey Research Report. RR 99-02: 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-03. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  6. ^ British Geological Survey 1999, p. 24.
  7. ^ Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic (2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. p. 360. ISBN 0716724383.
  8. ^ British Geological Survey 1999, pp. 5-6.
  9. ^ Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "schist". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349.
  10. ^ أ ب British Geological Survey 1999, p. 5.
  11. ^ أ ب Blatt & Tracy 1996, p. 365.
  12. ^ British Geological Survey 1999, pp. 3-4.
  13. ^ British Geological Survey 1999, pp. 5-7.
  14. ^ British Geological Survey 1999, p. 8.
  15. ^ Raymond, R. W. (1881). "Slate". A Glossary of Mining and Metallurgical Terms. American Institute of Mining Engineers. p. 78.
  16. ^ عبد الجليل هويدي، محمد أحمد هيكل (2004). أساسيات الجيولوجيا التاريخية. مكتبة الدار العربية للكتب.
  17. ^ Yardley 1989, p. 171.
  18. ^ Potter, Paul Edwin; Maynard, J. Barry; Pryor, Wayne A. (1980). Sedimentology of shale : study guide and reference source. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 17. ISBN 0387904301.
  19. ^ Nokleberg, Warren J.; Jones, David L.; Silberling, Norman J. (1 October 1985). "Origin and tectonic evolution of the Maclaren and Wrangellia terranes, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska". GSA Bulletin. 96 (10): 1251–1270. Bibcode:1985GSAB...96.1251N. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<1251:OATEOT>2.0.CO;2.
  20. ^ Esteban, J.J.; Cuevas, J.; Tubía, J.M.; Liati, A.; Seward, D.; Gebauer, D. (November 2007). "Timing and origin of zircon-bearing chlorite schists in the Ronda peridotites (Betic Cordilleras, Southern Spain)". Lithos. 99 (1–2): 121–135. Bibcode:2007Litho..99..121E. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2007.06.006.
  21. ^ Woguia, D.L.; Fagel, N.; Pirard, E.; Gourfi, A.; Ngo bidjeck, L.M.; El ouahabi, M. (June 2021). "Talc schist deposits from central Cameroon: Mineralogical and physico-chemical characterization". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 178: 104182. Bibcode:2021JAfES.17804182W. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104182. hdl:2268/258382. S2CID 233704877.
  22. ^ Prochaska, W. (September 1989). "Geochemistry and genesis of Austrian talc deposits". Applied Geochemistry. 4 (5): 511–525. Bibcode:1989ApGC....4..511P. doi:10.1016/0883-2927(89)90008-5.
  23. ^ Ukar, E.; Cloos, M. (April 2016). "Graphite-schist blocks in the Franciscan Mélange, San Simeon, California: Evidence of high- P metamorphism". Journal of Metamorphic Geology. 34 (3): 191–208. Bibcode:2016JMetG..34..191U. doi:10.1111/jmg.12174. S2CID 131721852.
  24. ^ Lumpkin, B.; Stoddard, E.; Blake, D. (1994). "The Raleigh graphite schist". Geology and Field Trip Guide, Western Flank of the Raleigh Metamorphic Belt, North Carolina. Carolina Geological Society Field Trip Guidebook (PDF). Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Geological Survey. pp. 19–24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-23. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  25. ^ Bauer, Paul W. (2004). "Proterozoic rocks of the Pilar Cliffs, Picuris Mountains, New Mexico" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series. 55: 193–205. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-22. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  26. ^ Zhang, Xiao-Ping; Wong, Louis Ngai Yuen; Wang, Si-Jing; Han, Geng-You (August 2011). "Engineering properties of quartz mica schist". Engineering Geology. 121 (3–4): 135–149. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.04.020.
  27. ^ "The Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of August 17, 1959". U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. Professional Paper. 435. 1964. doi:10.3133/pp435.

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Metamorphic petrology

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