إفريقية

مقاطعة Africa Proconsularis الرومانية (أحمر) التي اِشتُقت منها إفريقية

تونس

تاريخ تونس

ما قبل التاريخ

الحضارة القبصية

التاريخ القديم

التاريخ الوسيط

الفتح الإسلامي
- الغزوة الأولى 647 م
- تأسيس القيروان 669 م
- الأغالبة
  - فتح صقلية 827 م
- الفاطميون
  - ثورة صاحب الحمار 945
- الصنهاجيون
  - غزوة بني هلال وخراب القيروان
- بنو خراسان
- الموحدون
- الحفصيون
  - الحملة الصليبية الثامنة
الحقبة الإسبانية

التاريخ الحديث

العثمانيون
- نزول سنان باشا بتونس 1574 م
- الدولة المرادية
الحسينيون 1705 م

الفترة المعاصرة

خط زمني

+/−

إفريقية ifriqiya هو الإسم القديم لتونس وما حولها من قبل الإسلام وقبل المسيحية, أطلق العرب تسمية إفريقية على الجزء الذي فتحوه من مقاطعة أفريكا الرومانية .(المغرب الأدنى)‎

وهو يشمل تونس الحالية وما حولها وتضم طرابلس الغرب وأجزاء من ليبيا الحالية وأجزاء من الجزائر الحالية ومالطة بالأضافة لغالبية جزر جنوب ايطاليا.

وهو الاسم الذي عمم وأخذ منه اسم قارة إفريقيا لاحقاً.

في تونس العاصمة النادي الافريقي يستمد اسمه من الإسم التاريخي لإقليم افريقية ... حاليا جزء من دول المغرب العربي.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

قائمة الحكام

Qalaa of Banu Hammad

طور الفتح

Cyrenaica and Tripolitana conquered in 643 by Amr ibn al-As, organized as new province with regional capital at Barqa; first governors uncertain.^[1]
Mu'awiya ibn Hudayj, c.665–666 — ruled from Barqa^[2]
Uqba ibn Nafi, 666–674 — conquered south Tunisia (Byzacena), founded Kairouan (670)
Abu al-Muhajir Dinar, 674–681
Uqba ibn Nafi, (restored), 681–683 — led cavalcade to Morocco, ostensibly brought the entire Maghreb under submission.
Uqba killed. Arabs expelled from Byzacena, which was then occupied by Awraba Berber chieftain Kusaila, 683–686.
Zuhayr ibn Qays, 683–689 — initially only Barqa, retook Byzacena in 686.
Zuhayr killed. Berbers under Kahina retake Byzacena in 689. No clear Arab governor, 689–92
Hassan ibn al-Nu'man al-Ghassani, 692–703 — initially only Barqa. Captured Carthage in 695 (lost again), then again in 698 (final). Permanent conquest of Ifriqiya, organized as a new province, separately from Egypt, directly under the Umayyad Caliph, with capital at Kairouan.

Umayyad Governors of Ifriqiya

Musa ibn Nusair al-Lakhmi, 703–715
(During conquest of Spain, Abd Allah ibn Musa was regent in Kairouan, while Musa was in al-Andalus, 712–715)
Muhammad ibn Yazid, 715–718
Ismail ibn Abd Allah ibn Abi al-Muhajir, 718–720
Yazid ibn Abi Muslim, 720–721
Muhammad ibn Yazid (restored), 721
Bishr ibn Safwan al-Kalbi, 721–727
Ubayda ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami, 727–32
Uqba ibn Qudama (temporary), 732–734
Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab al-Mausili, 734–41. (Berber Revolt begins 740)
Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qushayri, 741
Balj ibn Bishr al-Qushayri (de jure, in Córdoba) and Abd al-Rahman ibn Uqba al-Ghifari (de facto, in Kairouan), 741–42
Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi, 742–44

Fihrid Emirs of Ifriqiya

(Independence from Caliphate: Berber statelets in Morocco; Fihrid coup d'état in Kairouan, 745)
Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri, 745–755.
Ilyas ibn Habib al-Fihri, 755
Habib ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, 755–57

Kharijite rulers

(Fihrid Ifriqiya conquered by Kharijite Berbers in 757 — Sufrite Warfajuma in Kairouan, Ibadite Nafusa in Tripoli)
Asim ibn Jamil al-Warfajumi (Sufrite), 757–758
Abd al-Malik ibn Abi 'l-Jad al-Waranjumi (Sufrite), 758
(Ibadites of Tripoli depose Sufrites in Kairouan, 758)
Abu al-Khattab Abd al-Ala ibn al-Samh al-Maafiri (Ibadite), 758–760
Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustem al-Farissi (Ibadite), 760–62

Abbasid governors in Kairouan

(Abbasid invasion of Ifriqiya; Ibadites reduced to Tahert and Nafusa, 762)

Appointed governors

Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i 762–765 (former Abbasid governor of Egypt)
Isa ibn Yussuf al-Khurasani 765
al-Aghlab ibn Salim at-Tamimi 765–766
al-Hassan ibn Harb al-Kindi 766–767
al-Mikhariq ibn Ghuffar 767–768

Muhallabids

Umar ibn Hafs al-Muhallabi 768–771
Habib ibn Habib al-Muhallabi 771
Umar ibn Hafs al-Muhallabi 771
Abu Hatim Yaqub ibn Labib al-Khariji 771–772 (Ibadi rebel)
Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi 772–787
Dawud ibn Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi 787
Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi 787–791
Nasr ibn Habib al-Muhallabi 791–793
al-Fadl ibn Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi 793–795

Appointed governors

Aghlabid Emirs of Ifriqiya

^[3]

Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab ibn Salim (800–812)
Abdallah I ibn Ibrahim (812–817)
Ziyadat Allah I ibn Ibrahim(817–838)
al-Aghlab Abu Iqal ibn Ibrahim (838–841)
Abu 'l-Abbas Muhammad I ibn al-Aghlab Abi Affan (841–856)
Ahmad ibn Muhammad (856–863)
Ziyadat Allah II ibn Abil-Abbas (863)
Abu 'l-Gharaniq Muhammad II ibn Ahmad (863–875)
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II ibn Ahmad (875–902)
Abu 'l-Abbas Abdallah II ibn Ibrahim (902–903)
Abu Mudhar Ziyadat Allah III ibn Abdallah (903–909)

Fatimid Caliphs in Ifriqiya

^[4]

Abū Muḥammad ʻAbdu l-Lāh (ʻUbaydu l-Lāh) al-Mahdī bi'llāh (909–934) — founder of the Fatimid dynasty
Abū l-Qāsim Muḥammad al-Qā'im bi-Amr Allāh (934–946)
Abū Ṭāhir Ismā'il al-Manṣūr bi-llāh (946–953)
Abū Tamīm Ma'add al-Mu'izz li-Dīn Allāh (953–975) (transferred to Egypt in 973)

Zirid dynasty rulers of Ifriqiya

Zirids and Hammadids after Bedouin invasions

^[5]

Abul-Futuh Sayf ad-Dawla Buluggin ibn Ziri (973–983)
Abul-Fat'h al-Mansur ibn Buluggin (983–995)
Abu Qatada Nasir ad-Dawla Badis ibn Mansur (995–1016)
Sharaf ad-Dawla al-Muizz ibn Badis (1016–1062), — lost west Ifriqiya to Hammadid dynasty,(1018), declared independence from Fatimids (1045)

(invasion of the Banu Hilal (1057) — Kairouan destroyed, Zirids reduced to the main coastal cities, rural areas fragments into petty Bedouin emirates)^[6]

Abu Tahir Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz (1062–1108)
Yahya ibn Tamim (1108–1131)
Ali ibn Yahya (1115–1121)
Abul-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali (1121–1152)

(Ifriqiyan coast annexed by Norman Sicily (1143–1160))

Norman kings of the Kingdom of Africa (Ifriqiya)

The "Kingdom of Africa" (Regno d'Africa) pinpointed in red

^[7]

Roger II of Sicily (1143-1154)
William I of Sicily (1154-1160)

(All of Ifriqiya conquered and annexed by the Almohads (1160))^[8]

Hafsid governors of Ifriqiya

^[9]

Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs (1207–1216)
Abd-Allah (1224–1229)
Abu Zakariya (1229–1249)

Hafsid caliphs of Ifriqiya

Muhammad I al-Mustansir (1249–1277)
Yahya II al-Watiq (1277–1279)
Ibrahim I (1279–1283)
Ibn Abi Umara (1283–1284)
Abu Hafs Umar I (1284–1295)
Muhammad I (1295–1309)
Abu Bakr I (1309)
Aba al-Baqa Khalid an-Nasir (1309–1311)
Aba Yahya Zakariya al-Lihyani (1311–1317)
Muhammad II (1317–1318)
Abu Bakr II (1318–1346)
Abu Hafs Umar II (1346–1349)
Ahmad I (1349)
Ishaq II (1350–1369)
Abu al-Baqa Khalid (1369–1371)
Ahmad II (1371–1394)
Abd al-Aziz II (1394–1434)
Muhammad III (1434–1436)
Uthman (1436–1488)
Abu Zakariya Yahya (1488–1489)
Abd al-Mu'min (Hafsid) (1489–1490)
Abu Yahya Zakariya (1490–1494)
Muhammad IV (1494–1526)
Muhammad V (1526–1543)
Ahmad III (1543–1570)
Muhammad VI (1574–1574)
Jafari "Jafari the Clean" Yahya (1574–1581)
Alem Nafirr (1581)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

^ See chronicles of Ibn Abd al-Hakam and al-Nuwayri for accounts of the conquest.
^ This follows the tradition of al-Nuwayri, who says Mu'waiya ibn Hudaij was the first emir of Ifriqiya (ruling from Baqra) in 665. Ibn Khaldoun, however, dates the appointment of Mu'waiya ibn Hudaij as early as 651/52, when Abdallah ibn Sa'ad was governor in Egypt.
^ This is primarily covered in the chronicle of al-Nuwayri.
^ On the rise of the Fatimids, see Ibn Khaldoun (v.2 App. #2(pp.496–549))
^ See al-Nuwayri (v.2, App.1) and Ibn Khaldoun, v.2
^ On the Banu Hillal invasion, see Ibn Khaldoun (v.1).
^ Abulafia, "The Norman Kingdom of Africa"
^ For an account of the Almohad and Norman conquests of Ifriqiya, see Ibn al-Athir (p.578ff)
^ See Ibn Khaldoun (v.2 & 3)

المصادر

التآريخ

ابن عبد الحكم، English trans. by C.C. Torrey, 1901, "The Mohammedan Conquest of Egypt and North Africa", Historical and Critical Contributions to Biblical Science, pp. 277–330. online; French trans. in De la Salle Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale, 1852, v.1, App. 1 (pp. 301–308)
al-Nuwayri, French trans. in De La Salle, Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale, 1852, v.1, App. 2 (pp. 314–444) (From 647 raid through end of Aghlabids) and 1854, v. 2 App.1 (pp. 483–89) (for Zirids). Italian transl. in M. Amari (1851) Nuova raccolta di scritture e documenti intorno alla dominazione degli arabi in Sicilia, (p.27-163) (Aghlabids only)
Ibn Khaldoun, French trans. in De La Salle (1852–56), Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale 4 vols, Algiers: Imprimerie du Gouvernment. v.1, v.2 v.3, vol. 4
Ibn al-Athir extracts from Kamel al-Tewarikh, French trans. in De La Salle, Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale, 1854, v.2, App.#5, (pp. 573ff)

الثانوية

Julien, C.A. (1931) Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, vol. 2 – De la conquête arabe à 1830, 1961 edition, Paris: Payot.

خطأ لوا في وحدة:Navbox على السطر 580: bad argument #1 to 'inArray' (table expected, got nil). خطأ لوا في وحدة:Navbox على السطر 580: bad argument #1 to 'inArray' (table expected, got nil). قالب:Timeline of the Maghreb dynasties 35°00′N 7°00′E / 35.000°N 7.000°E / 35.000; 7.000

الكلمات الدالة:

[1] See chronicles of Ibn Abd al-Hakam and al-Nuwayri for accounts of the conquest.

[2] This follows the tradition of al-Nuwayri, who says Mu'waiya ibn Hudaij was the first emir of Ifriqiya (ruling from Baqra) in 665. Ibn Khaldoun, however, dates the appointment of Mu'waiya ibn Hudaij as early as 651/52, when Abdallah ibn Sa'ad was governor in Egypt.

[3] This is primarily covered in the chronicle of al-Nuwayri.

[4] On the rise of the Fatimids, see Ibn Khaldoun (v.2 App. #2(pp.496–549))

[5] See al-Nuwayri (v.2, App.1) and Ibn Khaldoun, v.2

[6] On the Banu Hillal invasion, see Ibn Khaldoun (v.1).

[7] Abulafia, "The Norman Kingdom of Africa"

[8] For an account of the Almohad and Norman conquests of Ifriqiya, see Ibn al-Athir (p.578ff)

[9] See Ibn Khaldoun (v.2 & 3)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]