أقاليم ومناطق فرنسا وراء البحار

(تم التحويل من إقليم وراء البحار)
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هذه المقالة هي جزء من سلسلة مقالات عن
التقسيمات الإدارية لفرنسا

(بما فيها مناطق ما وراء البحار)

(بما فيها أقاليم ما وراء البحار)

المجتمعات الحضرية
Agglomeration communities
تجمعات بلديات
Syndicates of New Agglomeration

البلديات المرفقة
الدوائر البلدية

جماعيات وراء البحار
جماعية Sui generis
بلد وراء البحار
أقاليم ما وراء البحار
جزيرة كليپرتون

The overseas departments and regions of France (فرنسية: départements et régions d'outre-mer, تـُنطق: [depaʁtəmɑ̃ e ʁeʒjɔ̃ d‿utʁəmɛʁ]; DROM) are departments of the French Republic which are outside the continental Europe situated portion of France, known as "metropolitan France". The distant parts have exactly the same status as mainland France's regions and departments. The French Constitution provides that, in general, French laws and regulations (France's civil code, penal code, administrative law, social laws, tax laws, etc.) apply to French overseas regions the same as in metropolitan France, but can be adapted as needed to suit the region's particular needs. Hence, the local administrations of French overseas regions cannot themselves pass new laws. On occasion referendums are undertaken to re-assess the sentiment in local status.

Since March 2011, the five overseas departments and regions of France are:

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التاريخ

France's earliest, short-lived attempt at setting up overseas departments was after Napoleon's conquest of the Republic of Venice in 1797, when the hitherto Venetian Ionian Islands fell to the French Directory and were organised as the departments of Mer-Égée, Ithaque and Corcyre. In 1798, the Russian Admiral Fyodor Ushakov evicted the French from these islands, and though France regained them via the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, the three departments were not revived.

Under the 1947 Constitution of the Fourth Republic, the French colonies[مطلوب توضيح] of Algeria[1][مطلوب توضيح] in North Africa; Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Caribbean; French Guiana in South America; and Réunion in the Indian Ocean were defined as overseas departments. Algeria became independent in 1962 while the others are still French departments.

2011–2020 map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries and territories and outermost regions

Since 1982, following the French government's policy of decentralisation, overseas departments have elected regional councils with powers similar to those of the regions of metropolitan France. As a result of a constitutional revision that occurred in 2003, these regions are now to be called "overseas regions"; indeed, the new wording of the Constitution gives no precedence to the terms "overseas department" or "overseas region", though the latter is still virtually unused by the French media.

The overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon was an overseas department from 1976 to 1985. All five of France's overseas departments have between 200,000 and 1,000,000 people each, whereas Saint Pierre and Miquelon has only about 6,000, and the smaller collectivity unit therefore seemed more appropriateقالب:According to for the islands.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The overseas collectivity of Mayotte held a referendum on 29 March 2009. Of the votes, 95% were in favor of becoming an overseas department. Mayotte became an overseas department on 31 March 2011.[2]


أقاليم سابقة وراء البحار

الاسم Code INSEE أكبر مدينة الإنشاء الاختفاء السبب
الجزائر Alger Département d'Alger 1962.PNG 91 / 9A الجزائر Alger 1848 1962 استقلال الجزائر
وهران Oran Département d'Oran 1962.PNG 92 / 9G وهران 1848 1962 استقلال الجزائر
قسنطينة Constantine Département de Constantine 1962.PNG 93 / 9D قسنطينة Constantine 1848 1962 استقلال الجزائر
عنابة Bône Département de Bône 1962.PNG 99 / 9C عنابة Bône 1955 1962 استقلال الجزائر
باتنة Batna Département de Batna 1962.PNG 9B باتنة 1957 1962 استقلال الجزائر
المدية Médéa Département de Médéa 1962.PNG 9E المدية 1957 1962 استقلال الجزائر
مستغانم Mostaganem Département de Mostaganem 1962.PNG 9F مستغانم 1957 1962 استقلال الجزائر
Orléansville Département d'Orléansville 1962.PNG 9H الشلف Orléansville 1957 1962 استقلال الجزائر
سطيف Sétif Département de Sétif 1962.PNG 9J سطيف 1957 1962 استقلال الجزائر
تيارت Tiaret Département de Tiaret 1962.PNG 9K تيارت 1957 1962 استقلال الجزائر
تيزي وزو Tizi Ouzou Département de Tizi Ouzou 1962.PNG 9L نيزي وزو 1957 1962 استقلال الجزائر
تلمسان Tlemcen Département de Tlemcen 1962.PNG 9M تلمسان 1957 1962 استقلال الجزائر
سور الغزلان Aumale 9M سور الغزلان Aumale 1958 1959 Partagé entre les départements de المدية Médéa و باتنة Batna
بجاية Bougie 9P بجاية Bougie 1958 1959 Partagé entre les départements de سطيف Sétif و قسنطينة Constantine
سعيدة Saïda 9R سعيدة 1958 1962 استقلال الجزائر
Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon Saint Pierre and Miquelon in France.svg 975 Saint-Pierre 1976 1985 Devient une collectivité territoriale à statut particulier

Geography and characteristics

Each overseas department is the sole department in its own overseas region (فرنسية: région d'outre-mer) with powers identical to the regions of metropolitan France. Because of the one-to-one correspondence, informal usage does not distinguish the two, and the French media use the term département d'outre-mer (DOM) almost exclusively.

As integral parts of the French republic and the European Union, overseas departments are represented in the National Assembly, Senate, and Economic and Social Council. The areas also vote to elect members of the European Parliament (MEP), and also use the euro as their currency. The overseas departments and regions are not the same as the overseas collectivities, which have a semi-autonomous status.

Guadeloupe and Réunion each have separate departmental and regional councils, while in Mayotte, Guiana and Martinique, the two layers of government are consolidated so one body wields both sets of powers. The overseas departments acquired these additional powers in 1982, when France's decentralisation policy dictated that they be given elected regional councils and other regional powers; however, the term "overseas region" was only introduced with the French constitutional amendment of 28 March 2003.

Due to distance from the EU and local proximity some areas participate in economic fora and organizations of mutual interest geographically close-by. Such as Martinique and Guadeloupe taking part in both the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and Association of Caribbean States (ACS); or French Polynesia taking part in the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF).

Demographics

المقالة الرئيسية: Demographics of French Guiana, Demographics of Guadeloupe, Demographics of Martinique, Demographics of Mayotte, and Demographics of Réunion
التعداد التاريخي
السنةتعداد±%
1950720٬000—    
1960949٬000+31.8%
19701٬194٬000+25.8%
19801٬286٬000+7.7%
19901٬566٬000+21.8%
20001٬865٬000+19.1%
20102٬148٬000+15.2%
20202٬165٬749[4]+0.8%
Sources:[3]


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See also

References

  1. ^ Golani, Moti (1998). Israel in Search of a War: The Sinai Campaign, 1955-1956. Sussex Academic Press. p. 39. ISBN 9781898723479.
  2. ^ "Mayotte: 95.2% de "oui" au final" [Mayotte: 95.2% "yes" in the end]. Le Figaro (in الفرنسية). 29 March 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  3. ^ "Estimation de la population au 1er janvier 2020" [Estimated population as of 1 January 2020] (in الفرنسية). INSEE. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  4. ^ "Estimation de population au 1er janvier, par département, sexe et grande classe d'âge" [Estimated population on 1 January, by department, sex and broad age group] (in الفرنسية). INSEE. Retrieved 5 May 2020.

External links

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